READ TEXT II AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXT II

Legal Developments in International Civil Aviation

Much of the law regarding civil aviation has been developed through a combination of domestic laws and international agreements between the United States and other nations. In 1992, the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) introduced the “Open Skies” initiative and began negotiating and entering into modern civil aviation agreements with foreign countries, as well as individual members of the European Union (EU). As a result of a 2002 European Court of Justice ruling that several portions of these “Open Skies” Agreements violated EU law, the United States and the EU have been negotiating a new Open Skies

Agreement. A tentative agreement appears to exist between the parties that if enacted would, among other things, allow every EU and U.S. airline to fly between every city in the European Union and every city in the United States and would permit U.S. and EU airlines to determine the number of flights, their routes, and fares

according to market demand.

Despite this development, there appears to remain several areas of international civil aviation law that the tentative agreementdoes not address. Among them are the issues of foreign ownership and control, participation in the Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program, and cabotage. Presently, U.S. law requires that to operate as an air carrier in the United States, an entity must be a citizen of the United States. To be considered a citizen for civil aviation purposes, an entity must be owned either by an individual U.S. citizen, a partnership of persons who are each U.S. citizens, or a

corporation (1) whose president and at least two-thirds of the board of directors and other managing officers are U.S. citizens, (2) that is under the actual control of U.S. citizens, and (3) has at least 75 percent of its stock owned or controlled by U.S. citizens. Recently, however, the DOT released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that would change its interpretation of what constitutes “actual control.” If adopted, this new interpretation could have major implications for U.S. and international civil aviation.

(from //www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33255.pdf, March 10, 2007)

The underlined word in “actual control” means this control is:

READ TEXT II AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXT II

Legal Developments in International Civil Aviation

Much of the law regarding civil aviation has been developed through a combination of domestic laws and international agreements between the United States and other nations. In 1992, the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) introduced the “Open Skies” initiative and began negotiating and entering into modern civil aviation agreements with foreign countries, as well as individual members of the European Union (EU). As a result of a 2002 European Court of Justice ruling that several portions of these “Open Skies” Agreements violated EU law, the United States and the EU have been negotiating a new Open Skies

Agreement. A tentative agreement appears to exist between the parties that if enacted would, among other things, allow every EU and U.S. airline to fly between every city in the European Union and every city in the United States and would permit U.S. and EU airlines to determine the number of flights, their routes, and fares

according to market demand.

Despite this development, there appears to remain several areas of international civil aviation law that the tentative agreementdoes not address. Among them are the issues of foreign ownership and control, participation in the Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program, and cabotage. Presently, U.S. law requires that to operate as an air carrier in the United States, an entity must be a citizen of the United States. To be considered a citizen for civil aviation purposes, an entity must be owned either by an individual U.S. citizen, a partnership of persons who are each U.S. citizens, or a

corporation (1) whose president and at least two-thirds of the board of directors and other managing officers are U.S. citizens, (2) that is under the actual control of U.S. citizens, and (3) has at least 75 percent of its stock owned or controlled by U.S. citizens. Recently, however, the DOT released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that would change its interpretation of what constitutes “actual control.” If adopted, this new interpretation could have major implications for U.S. and international civil aviation.

(from //www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33255.pdf, March 10, 2007)

could in “This new interpretation could have major implications” reveals a situation that is:

READ TEXT II AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXT II

Legal Developments in International Civil Aviation

Much of the law regarding civil aviation has been developed through a combination of domestic laws and international agreements between the United States and other nations. In 1992, the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) introduced the “Open Skies” initiative and began negotiating and entering into modern civil aviation agreements with foreign countries, as well as individual members of the European Union (EU). As a result of a 2002 European Court of Justice ruling that several portions of these “Open Skies” Agreements violated EU law, the United States and the EU have been negotiating a new Open Skies

Agreement. A tentative agreement appears to exist between the parties that if enacted would, among other things, allow every EU and U.S. airline to fly between every city in the European Union and every city in the United States and would permit U.S. and EU airlines to determine the number of flights, their routes, and fares

according to market demand.

Despite this development, there appears to remain several areas of international civil aviation law that the tentative agreementdoes not address. Among them are the issues of foreign ownership and control, participation in the Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program, and cabotage. Presently, U.S. law requires that to operate as an air carrier in the United States, an entity must be a citizen of the United States. To be considered a citizen for civil aviation purposes, an entity must be owned either by an individual U.S. citizen, a partnership of persons who are each U.S. citizens, or a

corporation (1) whose president and at least two-thirds of the board of directors and other managing officers are U.S. citizens, (2) that is under the actual control of U.S. citizens, and (3) has at least 75 percent of its stock owned or controlled by U.S. citizens. Recently, however, the DOT released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that would change its interpretation of what constitutes “actual control.” If adopted, this new interpretation could have major implications for U.S. and international civil aviation.

(from //www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33255.pdf, March 10, 2007)

The first “Open Skies” agreement conflicted with the interests of:

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER QUESTION:

TEXT I

Brazilian appeals court reverses airplane ban

SAO PAULO, Brazil - An appeals court on Wednesday overturned a ban on large passenger jets at Brazil’s busiest airport that had been set by a judge citing safety concerns.

The federal court ruled the ban on three types of planes was too harsh because it would have severe economic ramifications, and that there were not enough safety concerns to prevent the planes from landing and taking off at Congonhas airport.

The court sided with Brazilian Civil Aviation Authority, or ANAC, which said that measures are being taken to improve a runway that has proven too short for some jets when it rains heavily.

(from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17013807/ March 10, 2007)

When the text says the ban was “too harsh” it means that it was too:

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TEXT I

Brazilian appeals court reverses airplane ban

SAO PAULO, Brazil - An appeals court on Wednesday overturned a ban on large passenger jets at Brazil’s busiest airport that had been set by a judge citing safety concerns.

The federal court ruled the ban on three types of planes was too harsh because it would have severe economic ramifications, and that there were not enough safety concerns to prevent the planes from landing and taking off at Congonhas airport.

The court sided with Brazilian Civil Aviation Authority, or ANAC, which said that measures are being taken to improve a runway that has proven too short for some jets when it rains heavily.

(from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17013807/ March 10, 2007)

heavily in “when it rains heavily” indicates:

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER QUESTION:

TEXT I

Brazilian appeals court reverses airplane ban

SAO PAULO, Brazil - An appeals court on Wednesday overturned a ban on large passenger jets at Brazil’s busiest airport that had been set by a judge citing safety concerns.

The federal court ruled the ban on three types of planes was too harsh because it would have severe economic ramifications, and that there were not enough safety concerns to prevent the planes from landing and taking off at Congonhas airport.

The court sided with Brazilian Civil Aviation Authority, or ANAC, which said that measures are being taken to improve a runway that has proven too short for some jets when it rains heavily.

(from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17013807/ March 10, 2007)

In “to prevent the plane”, the underlined word means:

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER QUESTION:

TEXT I

Brazilian appeals court reverses airplane ban

SAO PAULO, Brazil - An appeals court on Wednesday overturned a ban on large passenger jets at Brazil’s busiest airport that had been set by a judge citing safety concerns.

The federal court ruled the ban on three types of planes was too harsh because it would have severe economic ramifications, and that there were not enough safety concerns to prevent the planes from landing and taking off at Congonhas airport.

The court sided with Brazilian Civil Aviation Authority, or ANAC, which said that measures are being taken to improve a runway that has proven too short for some jets when it rains heavily.

(from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17013807/ March 10, 2007)

The focus of the text is a(n):

READ TEXT II AND ANSWER QUESTION

TEXT II

Legal Developments in International Civil Aviation

Much of the law regarding civil aviation has been developed through a combination of domestic laws and international agreements between the United States and other nations. In 1992, the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) introduced the “Open Skies” initiative and began negotiating and entering into modern civil aviation agreements with foreign countries, as well as individual members of the European Union (EU). As a result of a 2002 European Court of Justice ruling that several portions of these “Open Skies” Agreements violated EU law, the United States and the EU have been negotiating a new Open Skies

Agreement. A tentative agreement appears to exist between the parties that if enacted would, among other things, allow every EU and U.S. airline to fly between every city in the European Union and every city in the United States and would permit U.S. and EU airlines to determine the number of flights, their routes, and fares

according to market demand.

Despite this development, there appears to remain several areas of international civil aviation law that the tentative agreementdoes not address. Among them are the issues of foreign ownership and control, participation in the Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program, and cabotage. Presently, U.S. law requires that to operate as an air carrier in the United States, an entity must be a citizen of the United States. To be considered a citizen for civil aviation purposes, an entity must be owned either by an individual U.S. citizen, a partnership of persons who are each U.S. citizens, or a

corporation (1) whose president and at least two-thirds of the board of directors and other managing officers are U.S. citizens, (2) that is under the actual control of U.S. citizens, and (3) has at least 75 percent of its stock owned or controlled by U.S. citizens. Recently, however, the DOT released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that would change its interpretation of what constitutes “actual control.” If adopted, this new interpretation could have major implications for U.S. and international civil aviation.

(from //www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33255.pdf, March 10, 2007)

One of the advantages of the new “Open Skies” agreement is that it takes into account:

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER QUESTION:

TEXT I

Brazilian appeals court reverses airplane ban

SAO PAULO, Brazil - An appeals court on Wednesday overturned a ban on large passenger jets at Brazil’s busiest airport that had been set by a judge citing safety concerns.

The federal court ruled the ban on three types of planes was too harsh because it would have severe economic ramifications, and that there were not enough safety concerns to prevent the planes from landing and taking off at Congonhas airport.

The court sided with Brazilian Civil Aviation Authority, or ANAC, which said that measures are being taken to improve a runway that has proven too short for some jets when it rains heavily.

(from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17013807/ March 10, 2007)

due to in “due to severe economic ramifications” introduces a(n):

TEXT III

This title informs that the blog has been written by people who are: