Sobre a composição da tripulação prevista pela Lei 7.565, de 19 de dezembro de 1986, é correto afirmar que:

TEXT I

The Naked Truth: Is New Passenger Scanner a Terrorist Trap or Virtual Strip Search?

New airport x-ray sees through clothes without revealing details

March 1, 2007

For the next two to three months, passengers randomly selected for additional screening at Phoenix’s Sky Harbor International Airport will have the option of a typical pat down by security personnel or a one-minute, full body scan from a new type of xray machine that allows screeners to see through clothes. The federal government is testing so-called backscatter x-ray machines there, which can detect potentially threatening objects under a person’s clothes by picking up x-rays scattered by materials. (Traditional x-ray machines pick up signals that pass through or are absorbed.)

“It’s using edge detection to detect anomalies,” says Joe Reiss, vice president of marketing at American Science and Engineering (AS&E), the Boston-based manufacturer of the SmartCheck machine. “If you are a suicide bomber and have a vest on, that would appear as clear as day in an image.”

But critics charge the system is an invasion of privacy. “You should not have to go naked to board an aircraft,” says Barry Steinhardt of the American Civil Liberties Union. If full backscatter images were used, screeners would see every detail of each individual scanned. AS&E, however, has built an algorithm into its machine that matches individuals to a general outline of the male or female form. “It looks like the chalk outline of a body rather than the x-ray image of a body,” says Amy Kudwa, a spokesperson for the federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which is conducting the trial. “It is a nonintrusive technology; it does not require a pat down.”

The downside is that by removing some of the potentially salacious detail, the developers may have diminished the device’s effectiveness in detecting threats, according to Steinhardt. “The more explicit the image, the better the technology is for actually detecting weapons,” he says. “The more obscured the image, the less realistic the image, the less likelihood it is going to detect contraband.” In other words, he says: “You can have what amounts to a virtual strip search that may have some minor security benefit. Or you can have the illusion of security which will not detect the contraband.”

The machine, however, has passed all tests set for it thus far, Reiss says. “The exact threats are classified. It has been evaluated for detecting certain threats by our engineers and TSA’s and it has performed well.”

(http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0AD11209-E7F2-99DF- 30E0585C3218F3D2)

thus far in “set for it thus far” may be replaced by:

READ TEXT II AND ANSWER QUESTION:

TEXT II

European airlines to trade emissions allowances

The European Commission is expected to announce on Wednesday that air travel to, from and within Europe will be brought under its existing carbon trading scheme, putting pressure on airlines to curb their greenhouse gas emissions.

According to a leak reported in the Financial Times, the EC will say that emissions caps will apply to flights within the European Union from 2011 and be extended to include international flights from 2012.

EC environment spokesperson Barbara Helfferich told New Scientist that airlines will be asked to apply for emissions allowances through a national authority of their choice.

“For instance, American Airlines could decide that most of its flights fly into Paris and therefore choose French authorities. They would tell the French how many allowances they need to cover their flights and the French would relay that to the European Commission,” explains Helfferich.

The EC will assess these requests much as it assesses National Allocation Plans under the current emissions trading scheme, with a view to gradually reducing air travel emissions allowances.

(http://environment.newscientist.com/article. ns?id=dn10829&feedId=onlinenews_ rss20. March 10, 2007)

The underlined word in “ their choice” refers to:

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER QUESTION:

TEXT I

The Naked Truth: Is New Passenger Scanner a Terrorist Trap or Virtual Strip Search?

New airport x-ray sees through clothes without revealing details

March 1, 2007

For the next two to three months, passengers randomly selected for additional screening at Phoenix’s Sky Harbor International Airport will have the option of a typical pat down by security personnel or a one-minute, full body scan from a new type of xray machine that allows screeners to see through clothes. The federal government is testing so-called backscatter x-ray machines there, which can detect potentially threatening objects under a person’s clothes by picking up x-rays scattered by materials. (Traditional x-ray machines pick up signals that pass through or are absorbed.)

“It’s using edge detection to detect anomalies,” says Joe Reiss, vice president of marketing at American Science and Engineering (AS&E), the Boston-based manufacturer of the SmartCheck machine. “If you are a suicide bomber and have a vest on, that would appear as clear as day in an image.”

But critics charge the system is an invasion of privacy. “You should not have to go naked to board an aircraft,” says Barry Steinhardt of the American Civil Liberties Union. If full backscatter images were used, screeners would see every detail of each individual scanned. AS&E, however, has built an algorithm into its machine that matches individuals to a general outline of the male or female form. “It looks like the chalk outline of a body rather than the x-ray image of a body,” says Amy Kudwa, a spokesperson for the federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which is conducting the trial. “It is a nonintrusive technology; it does not require a pat down.”

The downside is that by removing some of the potentially salacious detail, the developers may have diminished the device’s effectiveness in detecting threats, according to Steinhardt. “The more explicit the image, the better the technology is for actually detecting weapons,” he says. “The more obscured the image, the less realistic the image, the less likelihood it is going to detect contraband.” In other words, he says: “You can have what amounts to a virtual strip search that may have some minor security benefit. Or you can have the illusion of security which will not detect the contraband.”

The machine, however, has passed all tests set for it thus far, Reiss says. “The exact threats are classified. It has been evaluated for detecting certain threats by our engineers and TSA’s and it has performed well.”

(http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0AD11209-E7F2-99DF- 30E0585C3218F3D2)

In the expression “The Naked Truth” in the title there are:

TEXT I

The Naked Truth: Is New Passenger Scanner a Terrorist Trap or Virtual Strip Search?

New airport x-ray sees through clothes without revealing details

March 1, 2007

For the next two to three months, passengers randomly selected for additional screening at Phoenix’s Sky Harbor International Airport will have the option of a typical pat down by security personnel or a one-minute, full body scan from a new type of xray machine that allows screeners to see through clothes. The federal government is testing so-called backscatter x-ray machines there, which can detect potentially threatening objects under a person’s clothes by picking up x-rays scattered by materials. (Traditional x-ray machines pick up signals that pass through or are absorbed.)

“It’s using edge detection to detect anomalies,” says Joe Reiss, vice president of marketing at American Science and Engineering (AS&E), the Boston-based manufacturer of the SmartCheck machine. “If you are a suicide bomber and have a vest on, that would appear as clear as day in an image.”

But critics charge the system is an invasion of privacy. “You should not have to go naked to board an aircraft,” says Barry Steinhardt of the American Civil Liberties Union. If full backscatter images were used, screeners would see every detail of each individual scanned. AS&E, however, has built an algorithm into its machine that matches individuals to a general outline of the male or female form. “It looks like the chalk outline of a body rather than the x-ray image of a body,” says Amy Kudwa, a spokesperson for the federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which is conducting the trial. “It is a nonintrusive technology; it does not require a pat down.”

The downside is that by removing some of the potentially salacious detail, the developers may have diminished the device’s effectiveness in detecting threats, according to Steinhardt. “The more explicit the image, the better the technology is for actually detecting weapons,” he says. “The more obscured the image, the less realistic the image, the less likelihood it is going to detect contraband.” In other words, he says: “You can have what amounts to a virtual strip search that may have some minor security benefit. Or you can have the illusion of security which will not detect the contraband.”

The machine, however, has passed all tests set for it thus far, Reiss says. “The exact threats are classified. It has been evaluated for detecting certain threats by our engineers and TSA’s and it has performed well.”

(http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0AD11209-E7F2-99DF- 30E0585C3218F3D2)

The underlined word in “The downside is that” indicates an aspect which is:

READ TEXT II AND ANSWER QUESTION:

TEXT II

European airlines to trade emissions allowances

The European Commission is expected to announce on Wednesday that air travel to, from and within Europe will be brought under its existing carbon trading scheme, putting pressure on airlines to curb their greenhouse gas emissions.

According to a leak reported in the Financial Times, the EC will say that emissions caps will apply to flights within the European Union from 2011 and be extended to include international flights from 2012.

EC environment spokesperson Barbara Helfferich told New Scientist that airlines will be asked to apply for emissions allowances through a national authority of their choice.

“For instance, American Airlines could decide that most of its flights fly into Paris and therefore choose French authorities. They would tell the French how many allowances they need to cover their flights and the French would relay that to the European Commission,” explains Helfferich.

The EC will assess these requests much as it assesses National Allocation Plans under the current emissions trading scheme, with a view to gradually reducing air travel emissions allowances.

(http://environment.newscientist.com/article. ns?id=dn10829&feedId=onlinenews_ rss20. March 10, 2007)

When there is a leak in information, this means information has been:

READ TEXT II AND ANSWER QUESTION:

TEXT II

European airlines to trade emissions allowances

The European Commission is expected to announce on Wednesday that air travel to, from and within Europe will be brought under its existing carbon trading scheme, putting pressure on airlines to curb their greenhouse gas emissions.

According to a leak reported in the Financial Times, the EC will say that emissions caps will apply to flights within the European Union from 2011 and be extended to include international flights from 2012.

EC environment spokesperson Barbara Helfferich told New Scientist that airlines will be asked to apply for emissions allowances through a national authority of their choice.

“For instance, American Airlines could decide that most of its flights fly into Paris and therefore choose French authorities. They would tell the French how many allowances they need to cover their flights and the French would relay that to the European Commission,” explains Helfferich.

The EC will assess these requests much as it assesses National Allocation Plans under the current emissions trading scheme, with a view to gradually reducing air travel emissions allowances.

(http://environment.newscientist.com/article. ns?id=dn10829&feedId=onlinenews_ rss20. March 10, 2007)

The text focuses on:

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER QUESTION:

TEXT I

The Naked Truth: Is New Passenger Scanner a Terrorist Trap or Virtual Strip Search?

New airport x-ray sees through clothes without revealing details

March 1, 2007

For the next two to three months, passengers randomly selected for additional screening at Phoenix’s Sky Harbor International Airport will have the option of a typical pat down by security personnel or a one-minute, full body scan from a new type of xray machine that allows screeners to see through clothes. The federal government is testing so-called backscatter x-ray machines there, which can detect potentially threatening objects under a person’s clothes by picking up x-rays scattered by materials. (Traditional x-ray machines pick up signals that pass through or are absorbed.)

“It’s using edge detection to detect anomalies,” says Joe Reiss, vice president of marketing at American Science and Engineering (AS&E), the Boston-based manufacturer of the SmartCheck machine. “If you are a suicide bomber and have a vest on, that would appear as clear as day in an image.”

But critics charge the system is an invasion of privacy. “You should not have to go naked to board an aircraft,” says Barry Steinhardt of the American Civil Liberties Union. If full backscatter images were used, screeners would see every detail of each individual scanned. AS&E, however, has built an algorithm into its machine that matches individuals to a general outline of the male or female form. “It looks like the chalk outline of a body rather than the x-ray image of a body,” says Amy Kudwa, a spokesperson for the federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which is conducting the trial. “It is a nonintrusive technology; it does not require a pat down.”

The downside is that by removing some of the potentially salacious detail, the developers may have diminished the device’s effectiveness in detecting threats, according to Steinhardt. “The more explicit the image, the better the technology is for actually detecting weapons,” he says. “The more obscured the image, the less realistic the image, the less likelihood it is going to detect contraband.” In other words, he says: “You can have what amounts to a virtual strip search that may have some minor security benefit. Or you can have the illusion of security which will not detect the contraband.”

The machine, however, has passed all tests set for it thus far, Reiss says. “The exact threats are classified. It has been evaluated for detecting certain threats by our engineers and TSA’s and it has performed well.”

(http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0AD11209-E7F2-99DF- 30E0585C3218F3D2)

“x-rays scattered by materials” are rays which materials:

TEXT I

The Naked Truth: Is New Passenger Scanner a Terrorist Trap or Virtual Strip Search?

New airport x-ray sees through clothes without revealing details

March 1, 2007

For the next two to three months, passengers randomly selected for additional screening at Phoenix’s Sky Harbor International Airport will have the option of a typical pat down by security personnel or a one-minute, full body scan from a new type of xray machine that allows screeners to see through clothes. The federal government is testing so-called backscatter x-ray machines there, which can detect potentially threatening objects under a person’s clothes by picking up x-rays scattered by materials. (Traditional x-ray machines pick up signals that pass through or are absorbed.)

“It’s using edge detection to detect anomalies,” says Joe Reiss, vice president of marketing at American Science and Engineering (AS&E), the Boston-based manufacturer of the SmartCheck machine. “If you are a suicide bomber and have a vest on, that would appear as clear as day in an image.”

But critics charge the system is an invasion of privacy. “You should not have to go naked to board an aircraft,” says Barry Steinhardt of the American Civil Liberties Union. If full backscatter images were used, screeners would see every detail of each individual scanned. AS&E, however, has built an algorithm into its machine that matches individuals to a general outline of the male or female form. “It looks like the chalk outline of a body rather than the x-ray image of a body,” says Amy Kudwa, a spokesperson for the federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which is conducting the trial. “It is a nonintrusive technology; it does not require a pat down.”

The downside is that by removing some of the potentially salacious detail, the developers may have diminished the device’s effectiveness in detecting threats, according to Steinhardt. “The more explicit the image, the better the technology is for actually detecting weapons,” he says. “The more obscured the image, the less realistic the image, the less likelihood it is going to detect contraband.” In other words, he says: “You can have what amounts to a virtual strip search that may have some minor security benefit. Or you can have the illusion of security which will not detect the contraband.”

The machine, however, has passed all tests set for it thus far, Reiss says. “The exact threats are classified. It has been evaluated for detecting certain threats by our engineers and TSA’s and it has performed well.”

(http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0AD11209-E7F2-99DF- 30E0585C3218F3D2)

In “You should not have to go naked to board an aircraft…” there is the indication of a(n):

READ TEXT II AND ANSWER QUESTION:

TEXT II

European airlines to trade emissions allowances

The European Commission is expected to announce on Wednesday that air travel to, from and within Europe will be brought under its existing carbon trading scheme, putting pressure on airlines to curb their greenhouse gas emissions.

According to a leak reported in the Financial Times, the EC will say that emissions caps will apply to flights within the European Union from 2011 and be extended to include international flights from 2012.

EC environment spokesperson Barbara Helfferich told New Scientist that airlines will be asked to apply for emissions allowances through a national authority of their choice.

“For instance, American Airlines could decide that most of its flights fly into Paris and therefore choose French authorities. They would tell the French how many allowances they need to cover their flights and the French would relay that to the European Commission,” explains Helfferich.

The EC will assess these requests much as it assesses National Allocation Plans under the current emissions trading scheme, with a view to gradually reducing air travel emissions allowances.

(http://environment.newscientist.com/article. ns?id=dn10829&feedId=onlinenews_ rss20. March 10, 2007)

Therefore in “and therefore choose French authorities” introduces an idea of: