Read the text carefully to answer 45.

Language assessment has undergone two broad paradigms. Assessment of learning, also known as traditional assessment, refers to practices that involve the use of assessment for administrative purposes (assigning grades, selection, decisions) and looks into what learners can do at the end of the teaching and learning process to rank their achievement levels against a standard. Assessment for learning, also known as authentic assessment, embeds assessment processes throughout the teaching and learning process to constantly adjust teaching and inform learners of how they may improve. In real life, teachers employ both assessment paradigms and regard them as opportunities to gather insights into learner abilities. Regardless of the assessment paradigm, teachers have to design assessment instruments that provide them with the information they need to gain about the students they work with. In designing those instruments, whether for traditional or authentic assessment, teachers should follow a series of principles to create “appropriate assessment” (MCCRAY; BRUNFAUT, 2016). Brown (2004) stated that these principles need to be applied to all kinds of assessment from tests and quizzes (traditional assessment), to oral presentations and debates (authentic assessment). In fact, it is required that all teachers, regardless of the discipline, should be able to balance these principles in any assessment they design. These five assessment principles are key to assess learners fairly and effectively: Authenticity, Fairness, Practicality, Reliability, and Validity (QIAOCHAN, 2018; TOFFOLI et al., 2016).

(Available on: https://www.scielo.br. Adapted.)

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