A focus on segmental pronunciation, where interaction pauses so individual sounds are corrected first, and meaning is expected to align once phonetic accuracy is improved.

Negotiation of meaning, where speakers use clarification and confirmation moves to repair a mismatch in interpretation and keep the conversation progressing toward shared understanding.

A shift in register, where speakers adopt a more formal style to match social distance, and mutual understanding increases because vocabulary becomes more standardized.

A politeness strategy, where hedges and softeners reduce face-threat in disagreement, and the exchange stays socially smooth as speakers manage stance and interpersonal distance.

Receptive bilingualism, where each speaker keeps a different language and relies on shared context to interpret key words, with limited accommodation across turns.