Read the text below and choose the correct option in question.
Text 4
Why Ship Groundings Matter in Maritime Operations
Ship groundings are more than just embarrassing mishaps; they are high-risk events with far-reaching consequences. According to the International Union of Marine Insurance (IUMI), groundings account for nearly 30% of all hull and machinery claims. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and port authorities have ramped up pressure on shipping companies to adopt safer navigation protocols, especially in confined and congested waters.
Moreover, groundings often lead to significant environmental consequences. The 2002 grounding of the Prestige oil tanker off the coast of Spain spilled over 60,000 tonnes of oil, affecting over 1,000 km of shoreline. The cost? Billions in cleanup, legal penalties, and reputational damage. In this context, understanding and mitigating grounding risks is a shared responsibility between mariners, shipping companies, regulators, and technology developers.
Which option correctly completes the blank below?
The sentence “The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and port authorities have ramped up pressure on shipping companies […]” means that these bodies on maritime operators.