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The sum of the three main sources of background radiation – cosmic, terrestrial and internal – is about 2.4 mSv and is the annual whole-body dose equivalent arising from natural radiation. It must be emphasized that this is a global average dose, which may vary. There are several studies looking into the impact of high background radiation doses on humans and the possible long-term consequences of chronic exposure to such doses.

With respect to man-made radiation, the most significant source of exposure to the public is from medical procedures, which includes diagnostic X-rays, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy. Medical exposure accounts for the largest radiation exposure to the population, after the natural background radiation. The advances in medical investigations, the important role of prevention through early diagnosis and also the aging population, are all factors leading to an increase in the number of diagnostic procedures. It is, therefore, important to find the balance between radiological exposure and the associated benefit to the patient. In order to reduce the risks of any deleterious effects from medical exposure, this should be limited as much as possible, especially in children, who are more susceptible to radiation-induced adverse events than adults.

(Bezak et al. Johns and Cunningham’s The Physics of Radiology, 2021. Adaptado

Read the following text to answer questions

The sum of the three main sources of background radiation – cosmic, terrestrial and internal – is about 2.4 mSv and is the annual whole-body dose equivalent arising from natural radiation. It must be emphasized that this is a global average dose, which may vary. There are several studies looking into the impact of high background radiation doses on humans and the possible long-term consequences of chronic exposure to such doses.

With respect to man-made radiation, the most significant source of exposure to the public is from medical procedures, which includes diagnostic X-rays, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy. Medical exposure accounts for the largest radiation exposure to the population, after the natural background radiation. The advances in medical investigations, the important role of prevention through early diagnosis and also the aging population, are all factors leading to an increase in the number of diagnostic procedures. It is, therefore, important to find the balance between radiological exposure and the associated benefit to the patient. In order to reduce the risks of any deleterious effects from medical exposure, this should be limited as much as possible, especially in children, who are more susceptible to radiation-induced adverse events than adults.

(Bezak et al. Johns and Cunningham’s The Physics of Radiology, 2021. Adaptado

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Effective communication is central to the clinicianpatient encounter. When the patient’s needs and concerns are well understood through a biopsychosocial formulation, then a comprehensive care plan can be mutually agreed on. Communication skills training (CST) has become one vehicle to build skills that optimally advance the clinical agenda, alongside promoting professionalism and excellence of care. Good communication skills have been linked to higher patient satisfaction, greater patient adherence to treatment, better patient health outcomes, fewer physician malpractice claims, reduced patient anxiety, increased recall, and improved understanding.

Patients with cancer report unmet communication needs for information about the extent of disease, prognosis, and treatment options, intent, and adverse effects. This is consistent with earlier studies on communication in clinical encounters. When the clinician is responsive to patients’ needs, their anxiety levels have been significantly reduced.

In this article, we propose the establishment of a universal CST curriculum for fellows of all cancer specialties that builds their professionalism and sustains effective clinician-patient communication throughout their careers.

(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3341141/. 06.08.2025. Adaptado)

Read the following text to answer questions

Effective communication is central to the clinicianpatient encounter. When the patient’s needs and concerns are well understood through a biopsychosocial formulation, then a comprehensive care plan can be mutually agreed on. Communication skills training (CST) has become one vehicle to build skills that optimally advance the clinical agenda, alongside promoting professionalism and excellence of care. Good communication skills have been linked to higher patient satisfaction, greater patient adherence to treatment, better patient health outcomes, fewer physician malpractice claims, reduced patient anxiety, increased recall, and improved understanding.

Patients with cancer report unmet communication needs for information about the extent of disease, prognosis, and treatment options, intent, and adverse effects. This is consistent with earlier studies on communication in clinical encounters. When the clinician is responsive to patients’ needs, their anxiety levels have been significantly reduced.

In this article, we propose the establishment of a universal CST curriculum for fellows of all cancer specialties that builds their professionalism and sustains effective clinician-patient communication throughout their careers.

(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3341141/. 06.08.2025. Adaptado)

Read the following text to answer questions

Effective communication is central to the clinicianpatient encounter. When the patient’s needs and concerns are well understood through a biopsychosocial formulation, then a comprehensive care plan can be mutually agreed on. Communication skills training (CST) has become one vehicle to build skills that optimally advance the clinical agenda, alongside promoting professionalism and excellence of care. Good communication skills have been linked to higher patient satisfaction, greater patient adherence to treatment, better patient health outcomes, fewer physician malpractice claims, reduced patient anxiety, increased recall, and improved understanding.

Patients with cancer report unmet communication needs for information about the extent of disease, prognosis, and treatment options, intent, and adverse effects. This is consistent with earlier studies on communication in clinical encounters. When the clinician is responsive to patients’ needs, their anxiety levels have been significantly reduced.

In this article, we propose the establishment of a universal CST curriculum for fellows of all cancer specialties that builds their professionalism and sustains effective clinician-patient communication throughout their careers.

(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3341141/. 06.08.2025. Adaptado)