Outlier é uma observação periférica que parece desviar-se acentuadamente, a partir de outros membros, da amostra em que ocorre.

Uma estratégia de detecção desses desvios é o

Dados

R_TERRA = 6.300 km
π = 3,14

Pelo mapa acima, verifica-se que a distância entre as cidades P e Q, na Rússia, equivale a 25% do comprimento do paralelo onde ambas estão localizadas.

Qual é a distância, em km, entre essas cidades?

Seja a Terra representada por um elipsoide de revolução, cujos semieixos são a e b, onde a = 6.378.137 m e b = 6.356.752 m.

Se o ponto P se situa sobre a superfície do elipsoide, e a normal ao elipsoide em P é concorrente com o eixo menor no centro do elipsoide, qual é a latitude geodésica do ponto P?

Para melhorar a visualização de determinados alvos em produtos de sensoriamento remoto, podem-se usar diferentes técnicas de processamento de imagens. Uma das técnicas básicas consiste em usar uma transformação não linear no histograma da imagem original, de modo a obter uma distribuição mais uniforme do gráfico.

Essa técnica é conhecida como

Na imagem de satélite do MASP, em São Paulo, pode-se perceber não somente o telhado do museu como também as fachadas laterais. Nessa imagem, tem-se a ilusão de que as distâncias da base e do telhado são diferentes, embora sejam iguais no terreno.

Essa característica da imagem deve-se à tomada em

A aerotriangulação ou fototriangulação por feixes perspectivos permite a reconstrução da geometria dos raios luminosos no momento em que é realizada a aquisição da imagem do terreno. Para se obterem as coordenadas de um ponto no terreno, são utilizadas as equações de colinearidade mostradas a seguir.

!$ \xi = \xi_0 - c \dfrac {r_{11} (X-X_0) + r_{21} (Y-Y_0) + r_{31} (Z - Z_0)} {r_{13} (X-X_0) + r_{23} (Y-Y_0) + r_{33} (Z-Z_0)} !$

!$ \eta = \eta_0 - c \dfrac {r_{12} (X-X_0) + r{22} (Y-Y_0) + r_{32} (Z - Z_0)} {r_{13} (X-X_0) + r_{23} (Y-Y_0) + r_{33} (Z-Z_0)} !$

onde

ξ, η são as coordenadas do ponto no espaço-imagem;
ξ₀, η₀ são as coordenadas do ponto principal;
c é a distância focal calibrada;
X, Y e Z são as coordenadas de um ponto no terreno;
X₀, Y₀ e Z₀ são as coordenadas do centro de perspectiva e
r_ij são os elementos da matriz de rotação entre os sistemas.

As funções de colinearidade, embora descrevam uma reta, não são lineares devido

Has Higgs been really discovered?

by Scientific American

Top physicists have recently reached a frenzy over the announcement that the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva is planning to release what is widely expected to be tantalizing - although no conclusive - evidence for the existence of the Higgs boson, the elementary particle hypothesized to be the origin of the mass of all matter.

Many physicists have already swung into action, swapping rumors about the contents of the announcement and proposing grand ideas about what those rumors would mean, if true. “It’s impossible to be excited enough,” says Gordon Kane, a theoretical physicist at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

The spokespeople of the collaborations using the cathedral-size ATLAS and CMS detectors^(a) to search for the Higgs boson and other phenomena^(b) at the 27-kilometer-circumference proton accelerator of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are scheduled to present updates based on analyses of the data collected to date^(c). “There won’t be a discovery announcement, but it does promise to be interesting^(d), since there are rumors that scientists have seen hints of the elusive Higgs boson^(e)” says James Gillies, spokesperson for CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), which hosts the LHC.

Joe Lykken, a theoretical physicist at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Ill, and a member of the CMS collaboration, says: “Whatever happens eventually with the Higgs, I think we’ll look back on this meeting and say. ‘This was the beginning of something.’” (As a CMS member, Lykken says he is not yet sure himself what results ATLAS would unveil; he is bound by his collaboration’s rules not to reveal what CMS has in hand.)

Available at: <http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57341543-76/has-higgs-been-discovered-rumors--of-watershed-news-build/?tag=mncol;topStories>. Retrieved on: 11 Dec. 2011. Adapted.

Has Higgs been really discovered?

by Scientific American

Top physicists have recently reached a frenzy over the announcement that the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva is planning to release what is widely expected to be tantalizing - although no conclusive - evidence for the existence of the Higgs boson, the elementary particle hypothesized to be the origin of the mass of all matter.

Many physicists have already swung into action, swapping rumors about the contents of the announcement and proposing grand ideas about what those rumors would mean, if true. “It’s impossible to be excited enough,” says Gordon Kane, a theoretical physicist at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

The spokespeople of the collaborations using the cathedral-size ATLAS and CMS detectors^(a) to search for the Higgs boson and other phenomena^(b) at the 27-kilometer-circumference proton accelerator of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are scheduled to present updates based on analyses of the data collected to date^(c). “There won’t be a discovery announcement, but it does promise to be interesting^(d), since there are rumors that scientists have seen hints of the elusive Higgs boson^(e)” says James Gillies, spokesperson for CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), which hosts the LHC.

Joe Lykken, a theoretical physicist at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Ill, and a member of the CMS collaboration, says: “Whatever happens eventually with the Higgs, I think we’ll look back on this meeting and say. ‘This was the beginning of something.’” (As a CMS member, Lykken says he is not yet sure himself what results ATLAS would unveil; he is bound by his collaboration’s rules not to reveal what CMS has in hand.)

Available at: <http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57341543-76/has-higgs-been-discovered-rumors--of-watershed-news-build/?tag=mncol;topStories>. Retrieved on: 11 Dec. 2011. Adapted.

The following fragment of Text is NOT completed correctly in

Has Higgs been really discovered?

by Scientific American

Top physicists have recently reached a frenzy over the announcement that the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva is planning to release what is widely expected to be tantalizing - although no conclusive - evidence for the existence of the Higgs boson, the elementary particle hypothesized to be the origin of the mass of all matter.

Many physicists have already swung into action, swapping rumors about the contents of the announcement and proposing grand ideas about what those rumors would mean, if true. “It’s impossible to be excited enough,” says Gordon Kane, a theoretical physicist at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

The spokespeople of the collaborations using the cathedral-size ATLAS and CMS detectors to search for the Higgs boson and other phenomena at the 27-kilometer-circumference proton accelerator of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are scheduled to present updates based on analyses of the data collected to date. “There won’t be a discovery announcement, but it does promise to be interesting, since there are rumors that scientists have seen hints of the elusive Higgs boson” says James Gillies, spokesperson for CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), which hosts the LHC.

Joe Lykken, a theoretical physicist at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Ill, and a member of the CMS collaboration, says: “Whatever happens eventually with the Higgs, I think we’ll look back on this meeting and say. ‘This was the beginning of something.’” (As a CMS member, Lykken says he is not yet sure himself what results ATLAS would unveil; he is bound by his collaboration’s rules not to reveal what CMS has in hand.)

Available at: <http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57341543-76/has-higgs-been-discovered-rumors--of-watershed-news-build/?tag=mncol;topStories>. Retrieved on: 11 Dec. 2011. Adapted.

The excerpt “Many physicists have already swung into action” could be properly completed in

Has Higgs been really discovered?

by Scientific American

Top physicists have recently reached a frenzy over the announcement that the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva is planning to release what is widely expected to be tantalizing - although no conclusive - evidence for the existence of the Higgs boson, the elementary particle hypothesized to be the origin of the mass of all matter.

Many physicists have already swung into action, swapping rumors about the contents of the announcement and proposing grand ideas about what those rumors would mean, if true. “It’s impossible to be excited enough,” says Gordon Kane, a theoretical physicist at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

The spokespeople of the collaborations using the cathedral-size ATLAS and CMS detectors to search for the Higgs boson and other phenomena at the 27-kilometer-circumference proton accelerator of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are scheduled to present updates based on analyses of the data collected to date. “There won’t be a discovery announcement, but it does promise to be interesting, since there are rumors that scientists have seen hints of the elusive Higgs boson” says James Gillies, spokesperson for CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), which hosts the LHC.

Joe Lykken, a theoretical physicist at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Ill, and a member of the CMS collaboration, says: “Whatever happens eventually with the Higgs, I think we’ll look back on this meeting and say. ‘This was the beginning of something.’” (As a CMS member, Lykken says he is not yet sure himself what results ATLAS would unveil; he is bound by his collaboration’s rules not to reveal what CMS has in hand.)

Available at: <http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57341543-76/has-higgs-been-discovered-rumors--of-watershed-news-build/?tag=mncol;topStories>. Retrieved on: 11 Dec. 2011. Adapted.

Text reports that