Word-formation processes in English involve mechanisms such as derivation and composition, which expand the lexicon of the language and allow for the creation of new terms from existing elements. Regarding word-formation processes, analyze the following statements.

I. Derivation by prefixation adds elements to the beginning of the base word, as in "un-" in "unhappy", generally altering meaning without modifying the grammatical class of the term.

II. Derivation by suffixation in English, when applied to terms such as "happiness" and "quickly", preserves the grammatical class of the original base word, promoting only semantic adjustments in the meaning of the term.

III. Composition combines autonomous words into new lexical units, as in "blackboard" and "toothbrush", joining terms that also circulate independently in the language.

The correct statements are:

Textual cohesion operates through linguistic mechanisms that articulate the elements of the text and contribute to the construction of meaning by the reader in the English language. Regarding textual cohesion, mark T for the true statements and F for the false statements:

(   ) The use of pronouns such as "he", "she", "it", and "they" contributes to referential cohesion by resuming terms mentioned previously in the text.

(   ) The integral repetition of nouns, word by word, configures the main mechanism of textual cohesion indicated for academic texts in the English language.

(   ) Connectors such as "however", "therefore", and "moreover" establish logical relations between clauses and paragraphs, articulating ideas throughout the written text.

(   ) Lexical substitution by synonyms and equivalent expressions compromises the clarity of the exposition and configures a resource to be avoided in contemporary proposals of written text production.

After analysis, choose the alternative that presents the correct sequence of the items above, from top to bottom:

The methodologies and approaches of English Language teaching are organized around distinct principles regarding the nature of language and of learning. Regarding these approaches, analyze the following statements:

I. The communicative approach prioritizes language use in situations of meaningful interaction, shifting the focus from the formal mastery of grammar rules to the negotiation of meanings among speakers.

II. The grammar-translation method organizes teaching around the analysis of target-language structures and the translation of texts, with little emphasis on oral practice and communicative interaction.

III. The audiolingual approach relies on repetition and structural substitution drills, grounded in behaviorist principles applied to foreign language teaching.

The correct statements are:

Adverbs of manner in English, regularly formed by adding the suffix "-ly" to an adjective, characterize the way in which a verbal action occurs. Consider the sentence: "He drives ___ on the highway, which worries his family." Choose the alternative that presents the adverb of manner that appropriately fills the gap.

The transposition from direct to reported speech in English implies adjustments in verb tenses, pronouns, and time markers, in an operation known as "backshift". Consider the direct speech sentence: "She said, 'I am studying English now'." Choose the alternative that presents the correct form of this sentence transposed to reported speech.

Possessive pronouns in English agree with the possessor subject, and not with the object possessed. Consider the sentence: "My sister and I went to the park, and we had fun with ___ friends." Choose the alternative that correctly fills the gap with the appropriate possessive pronoun.

Modal verbs in English express notions such as obligation, possibility, permission, and ability, varying according to the communicative context. Consider the sentence: "Students ___ wear uniforms at this school; it is a mandatory rule." Choose the alternative that presents the modal that expresses obligation and appropriately fills the gap.

In English, the expression of hours varies according to the communicative context, employing structures such as "quarter past", "quarter to", and "half past". The expression "quarter past seven in the evening" corresponds, in the 24-hour format, to:

Adjectives in English present specific forms in the comparative and superlative degrees, with construction rules linked to the number of syllables and to irregular cases. Regarding the comparative and superlative degrees in the English language, analyze the following statements.

I. Short adjectives of one syllable generally form the comparative with the addition of the suffix "-er" and the superlative with the suffix "-est", as in "tall − taller − tallest".

II. Adjectives of two or more syllables generally form the comparative with "more" and the superlative with "the most", as in "beautiful − more beautiful − the most beautiful".

III. The adjective "good" presents regular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees, with "gooder" for the comparative and "the goodest" for the superlative, following the pattern of one-syllable adjectives.

The correct statements are:

Conjunctions in English establish different relations between clauses, such as addition, contrast, cause, and consequence. Consider the sentence: "She studied hard for the exam, ___ she got a low grade." Choose the alternative that presents the conjunction that appropriately fills the gap, establishing a relation of contrast between the two clauses.