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Autumnal equinox arrives in Northern Hemisphere
Stuart Clark 15 September, 2025
Summer comes to a close for us in the Northern Hemisphere this week on 22 September 2025, as we enter the autumn. The moment is marked by the autumnal equinox, which is the moment when the sun crosses the celestial equator, moving south, and then, gradually, the days become shorter than the nights. The exact moment this happens is 19:19 BST (British Summer Time) on 22 September and it is caused by the movement of Earth along its orbit, gradually moving the Northern Hemisphere away from the sun.
The name equinox comes from the Latin aequus, meaning equal and nox, meaning night. So, it is said that the equinox is when day and night are the same length, which would be true if Earth had no atmosphere.
No trecho do primeiro parágrafo – The exact moment this happens is 19:19 BST (British Summer Time) on 22 September and it is caused by the movement of Earth along its orbit –, o termo destacado em negrito se refere
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Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão
Autumnal equinox arrives in Northern Hemisphere
Stuart Clark 15 September, 2025
Summer comes to a close for us in the Northern Hemisphere this week on 22 September 2025, as we enter the autumn. The moment is marked by the autumnal equinox, which is the moment when the sun crosses the celestial equator, moving south, and then, gradually, the days become shorter than the nights. The exact moment this happens is 19:19 BST (British Summer Time) on 22 September and it is caused by the movement of Earth along its orbit, gradually moving the Northern Hemisphere away from the sun.
The name equinox comes from the Latin aequus, meaning equal and nox, meaning night. So, it is said that the equinox is when day and night are the same length, which would be true if Earth had no atmosphere.
No trecho do primeiro parágrafo – the days become shorter than the nights –, o termo destacado em negrito tem sentido de
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Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão
Autumnal equinox arrives in Northern Hemisphere
Stuart Clark 15 September, 2025
Summer comes to a close for us in the Northern Hemisphere this week on 22 September 2025, as we enter the autumn. The moment is marked by the autumnal equinox, which is the moment when the sun crosses the celestial equator, moving south, and then, gradually, the days become shorter than the nights. The exact moment this happens is 19:19 BST (British Summer Time) on 22 September and it is caused by the movement of Earth along its orbit, gradually moving the Northern Hemisphere away from the sun.
The name equinox comes from the Latin aequus, meaning equal and nox, meaning night. So, it is said that the equinox is when day and night are the same length, which would be true if Earth had no atmosphere.
De acordo com o texto, no dia do equinócio
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Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão
Autumnal equinox arrives in Northern Hemisphere
Stuart Clark 15 September, 2025
Summer comes to a close for us in the Northern Hemisphere this week on 22 September 2025, as we enter the autumn. The moment is marked by the autumnal equinox, which is the moment when the sun crosses the celestial equator, moving south, and then, gradually, the days become shorter than the nights. The exact moment this happens is 19:19 BST (British Summer Time) on 22 September and it is caused by the movement of Earth along its orbit, gradually moving the Northern Hemisphere away from the sun.
The name equinox comes from the Latin aequus, meaning equal and nox, meaning night. So, it is said that the equinox is when day and night are the same length, which would be true if Earth had no atmosphere.
As informações do texto foram dirigidas para leitores localizados
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Consider the following text to answer the question
Sophomaniac: The Danger of an Obsession with Wisdom
Have you ever met someone who seems to have mastered every subject but refuses to be questioned? These individuals are known as sophomaniacs, and their attitudes can be quite challenging.
What Is a Sophomaniac?
The term “sophomaniac” describes someone obsessed with demonstrating their supposed intellectual superiority. The word originates from Greek: “sophos” means wisdom, while “mania” refers to an obsession or madness. Thus, a sophomaniac behaves as if they are the ultimate authority on any subject, even when they lack deep or genuine knowledge about it.
According to psychologist Daniel Goleman, author of the book Emotional Intelligence, this behavior might be an unconscious attempt to mask insecurities.
“When someone insists on appearing wiser than they are, they are often compensating for feelings of inadequacy” (Goleman, 1995).
This explains why sophomaniacs struggle to accept criticism or admit mistakes—their identities are deeply tied to the need to feel superior.
A practical example of this behavior can be observed in debates or meetings, where the sophomaniac monopolizes the conversation and belittles others’ ideas. It’s common for these individuals to use jargon or technical terms to impress, even when out of context. As Carol Dweck, psychologist and author of Mindset, highlights:
“A fixed mindset prevents a person from seeking true learning since their priority is to appear intelligent, not to be intelligent” (Dweck, 2006).
Understanding what drives someone to be a sophomaniac is essential for dealing with such individuals. Recognizing that their behavior often reflects internal vulnerabilities allows us to adopt a more empathetic approach. After all, as Socrates famously said: “True wisdom lies in recognizing one’s ignorance.” A sophomaniac still has that path to walk.
General Behaviors
Sophomaniacs exhibit behaviors that quickly become evident to those who interact with them. Among their main traits, two stand out and help explain their personality: an incessant need for validation and an intolerance for opposing opinions.
The Need for Validation
This is practically a compass for sophomaniacs. They are constantly seeking recognition for their supposed intellectual superiority, whether at work, on social media, or even in casual interactions. According to Brené Brown, author of Daring Greatly:
“External validation may feel like temporary relief, but it often masks a sense of vulnerability” (Brown, 2012).
Contempt for Divergent Opinions
On the other hand, contempt for opposing views is another defining characteristic. For the sophomaniac, hearing ideas that challenge their perspective is more than uncomfortable—it feels like an attack on their identity. Often, they react aggressively, using sarcasm or dismissing the other person. As Adam Grant highlights in Originals, “resistance to contrary ideas limits growth and stifles innovation” (Grant, 2016). This inflexibility causes sophomaniacs to miss valuable learning opportunities, perpetuating a cycle of intellectual isolation. Recognizing these behaviors is not only useful for understanding sophomaniacs but also for devising effective interaction strategies. Knowing that validation and narrative control are pillars of their behavior helps establish healthy boundaries and maintain productive conversations without fueling draining conflicts.
Available at: https://fersnewsletter.substack.com/p/sophomaniac-the-danger-of-an-obsession?
utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web. Accessed: 08 apr. 2025.
The author suggested some approaches in our conversations with sophomaniacs.
In his opinion, we should:
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Consider the following text to answer the question
Sophomaniac: The Danger of an Obsession with Wisdom
Have you ever met someone who seems to have mastered every subject but refuses to be questioned? These individuals are known as sophomaniacs, and their attitudes can be quite challenging.
What Is a Sophomaniac?
The term “sophomaniac” describes someone obsessed with demonstrating their supposed intellectual superiority. The word originates from Greek: “sophos” means wisdom, while “mania” refers to an obsession or madness. Thus, a sophomaniac behaves as if they are the ultimate authority on any subject, even when they lack deep or genuine knowledge about it.
According to psychologist Daniel Goleman, author of the book Emotional Intelligence, this behavior might be an unconscious attempt to mask insecurities.
“When someone insists on appearing wiser than they are, they are often compensating for feelings of inadequacy” (Goleman, 1995).
This explains why sophomaniacs struggle to accept criticism or admit mistakes—their identities are deeply tied to the need to feel superior.
A practical example of this behavior can be observed in debates or meetings, where the sophomaniac monopolizes the conversation and belittles others’ ideas. It’s common for these individuals to use jargon or technical terms to impress, even when out of context. As Carol Dweck, psychologist and author of Mindset, highlights:
“A fixed mindset prevents a person from seeking true learning since their priority is to appear intelligent, not to be intelligent” (Dweck, 2006).
Understanding what drives someone to be a sophomaniac is essential for dealing with such individuals. Recognizing that their behavior often reflects internal vulnerabilities allows us to adopt a more empathetic approach. After all, as Socrates famously said: “True wisdom lies in recognizing one’s ignorance.” A sophomaniac still has that path to walk.
General Behaviors
Sophomaniacs exhibit behaviors that quickly become evident to those who interact with them. Among their main traits, two stand out and help explain their personality: an incessant need for validation and an intolerance for opposing opinions.
The Need for Validation
This is practically a compass for sophomaniacs. They are constantly seeking recognition for their supposed intellectual superiority, whether at work, on social media, or even in casual interactions. According to Brené Brown, author of Daring Greatly:
“External validation may feel like temporary relief, but it often masks a sense of vulnerability” (Brown, 2012).
Contempt for Divergent Opinions
On the other hand, contempt for opposing views is another defining characteristic. For the sophomaniac, hearing ideas that challenge their perspective is more than uncomfortable—it feels like an attack on their identity. Often, they react aggressively, using sarcasm or dismissing the other person. As Adam Grant highlights in Originals, “resistance to contrary ideas limits growth and stifles innovation” (Grant, 2016). This inflexibility causes sophomaniacs to miss valuable learning opportunities, perpetuating a cycle of intellectual isolation. Recognizing these behaviors is not only useful for understanding sophomaniacs but also for devising effective interaction strategies. Knowing that validation and narrative control are pillars of their behavior helps establish healthy boundaries and maintain productive conversations without fueling draining conflicts.
Available at: https://fersnewsletter.substack.com/p/sophomaniac-the-danger-of-an-obsession?
utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web. Accessed: 08 apr. 2025.
“This explains why sophomaniacs struggle to accept criticism or admit mistakes — their identities are deeply tied to the need to feel superior.”
The sentence above can be replaced by:
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Consider the following text to answer the question
Sophomaniac: The Danger of an Obsession with Wisdom
Have you ever met someone who seems to have mastered every subject but refuses to be questioned? These individuals are known as sophomaniacs, and their attitudes can be quite challenging.
What Is a Sophomaniac?
The term “sophomaniac” describes
According to psychologist Daniel Goleman, author of the book Emotional Intelligence, this behavior might be an unconscious attempt to mask insecurities.
“When someone insists on appearing wiser than they are, they are often compensating for feelings of inadequacy” (Goleman, 1995).
This explains why sophomaniacs struggle to accept criticism or admit mistakes—their identities are deeply tied to the need to feel superior.
A practical example of this behavior can be observed in debates or meetings, where the sophomaniac monopolizes the conversation and belittles others’ ideas. It’s common for these individuals to use jargon or technical terms to impress, even when out of context. As Carol Dweck, psychologist and author of Mindset, highlights:
Understanding what drives someone to be a sophomaniac is essential for dealing with such individuals. Recognizing that their behavior often reflects internal vulnerabilities allows us to adopt a more empathetic approach. After all, as Socrates famously said: “
General Behaviors
Sophomaniacs exhibit behaviors that quickly become evident to those who interact with them. Among their main traits, two stand out and help explain their personality: an incessant need for validation and an intolerance for opposing opinions.
The Need for Validation
This is practically a compass for sophomaniacs. They are constantly seeking recognition for their supposed intellectual superiority, whether at work, on social media, or even in casual interactions. According to Brené Brown, author of Daring Greatly:
Contempt for Divergent Opinions
On the other hand, contempt for opposing views is another defining characteristic. For the sophomaniac, hearing ideas that challenge their perspective is more than uncomfortable—it feels like an attack on their identity. Often, they react aggressively, using sarcasm or dismissing the other person. As Adam Grant highlights in Originals,
The definition of sophomaniac presented in the text describes “someone obsessed with demonstrating their supposed intellectual superiority.”
This “supposed intellectual superiority” is corroborated in the following quotation:
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The three passages below are part of the paper “Elite bilingual education in Brazil: an applied linguist’s perspective. Read them and answer questions 11 to 15.
LIBERALI, Fernanda; MEGALE, Antonieta. Elite bilingual education in Brazil: an applied linguist’s perspective. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 2016, v.18, 95-108.
Although there are no official numbers due to this lack of regulation, it is possible to picture the expansion of bilingual schools based on research data and publishing houses. There are also few projects in public schools. This expansion may be understood once the teaching of English in Brazil has become a booming business and the belief that this language is essential to a successful life is transmitted by the media (Rajagopalan, 2005). It is necessary that (…) researchers problematize and propose reflections on people’s rights and duties involving their participation in the economic, social, and political life of the communities which they are part of and which they may join. For this to be accomplished, there must be a conscientious multilingual education and not just teaching by means of a practice called “elite bilingual education” reinforcing its “elite” nature. (…) We observed that although heteroglossic views of language have been an important notion discussed at universities in order to rethink the teaching of language and the type of bilingual education provided in Brazil, these discussions do not reach the schools which continue to adopt monolingual views of language in their practices and policies.
Based on the excerpt above, which difficulties persist in the development of bilingual education in Brazil?
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The three passages below are part of the paper “Elite bilingual education in Brazil: an applied linguist’s perspective. Read them and answer questions 11 to 15.
LIBERALI, Fernanda; MEGALE, Antonieta. Elite bilingual education in Brazil: an applied linguist’s perspective. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 2016, v.18, 95-108.
(…) In some cases, the interest in a prestigious bilingualism arose from a desire by some countries to benefit economically, politically, and culturally from the straightforward participation in the global network that has been built through the use of English (Gardner, 2012). On the other hand, it is also accomplished as an answer to world multilingualism, generating the possibility of participation in intercultural actions in different languages and different cultural experiences (García & Flores, 2012). Therefore, this means the creation of a kind of education that, in a significant way, not only includes apprentices but also opens space for them to act and participate through various language practices (García & Flores, 2012). With the learning experience within a bilingual education context, students may increase their cultural awareness both in the culture(s) of origin, and in the culture of the additional language, have a different way of looking at things, build tolerance towards linguistic and cultural groups, value human diversity, and constitute themselves with hybrid identities (Canclini, 2011).
Read the excerpt above and decide if the information below is True (T) or False (F). Then choose the correct alternative below.
I. Some countries’ interest in English is mostly connected to political, cultural, and economic benefits as an attempt to be part of a larger international network.
II. The use of English worldwide is described as one of the strongest tools for the manipulation of soft power that has been developed through bilingual education in Brazil by the elite and against minorities.
III. Students’ agency, empowerment, and interculturality are some of the possible outcomes of bilingual education.
IV. Bilingual education is presented as strengthening students’ original cultural identity, even shielding students from letting in any changes or hybrid influences from English-speaking countries.
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The three passages below are part of the paper “Elite bilingual education in Brazil: an applied linguist’s perspective. Read them and answer questions 11 to 15.
LIBERALI, Fernanda; MEGALE, Antonieta. Elite bilingual education in Brazil: an applied linguist’s perspective. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 2016, v.18, 95-108.
Brazil has always been a multilingual country, although throughout its history it has systematically tried to get rid of its linguistic and cultural diversity or veil it. However, for the last two decades alone, we have witnessed an ideological change that acknowledges and stimulates Brazilian plurilingualism. In this scenario, Liberali and Megale (2011) point out that there are four Brazilian bilingual education proposals: bilingual education with sign language, indigenous bilingual education, bilingual education in multilingual contexts, and elite or prestigious bilingual education whose name was given due to the favorable financial conditions of students who can attend these schools, in them instruction occurs in two languages simultaneously, most commonly English ad Portuguese.
What is correct to affirm about the passage?
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