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Portuguese Man Accidentally Finds 82-Foot-Long Dinosaur in His Backyard
By Margaret Osborne
A Portuguese man accidentally discovered the bones of what may be the largest dinosaur
ever found in Europe. While doing construction on his Pombal, Portugal, property in 2017, he
noticed fossilized bone fragments in his yard. The man contacted scientists, who began initial
excavations later that year. The effort to dig up this dinosaur has been ongoing, and this month,
Spanish and Portuguese paleontologists unearthed more of the gigantic remains.
So far, an “important set of elements of the axial skeleton” has been collected—including
vertebrae and 10-foot-long ribs, per a statement. “It's one of the biggest specimens discovered
in Europe, perhaps in the world,” Elisabete Malafaia, a paleontologist from the Faculty of Sciences
at the University of Lisbon in Portugal, tells Agence France-Presse (AFP).
The bones likely belonged to a sauropod, a type of plant-eating dinosaur with a
characteristically long neck and tail. This group of dinosaurs included the largest land creatures
ever to roam the Earth. Scientists estimate this specimen, which may belong to the
Brachiosauridae family, was about 39 feet tall and 82 feet long, per a statement, and lived about
160 to 100 million years ago, during the Upper Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous.
The Pombal region in central Portugal, where the bones were found, “has an important fossil
record of Late Jurassic vertebrates,” Malafaia says in the statement, and it has allowed for
several “very significant” discoveries about the animals that lived there 145 million years ago.
Still, she says this find was rather unique. “It is not usual to find all the ribs of an animal like
this, let alone in this position, maintaining their original anatomical position,” Malafaia says in
the statement. “This kind of preservation is relatively rare for large-sized dinosaurs from the
Portuguese fossil record and indicates particular and unusual environmental and taphonomic
features,” she tells CBS News’ Christopher Brito.
The way that this specimen was preserved indicates that more of its bones could still be
uncovered, and the scientists plan to continue excavations next year, per CBS. In the meantime,
researchers are going to take the newly uncovered fossilized bones to a laboratory, where they
will remove sediments, document the finds, and prepare them for future study and display in a
museum. Steve Brusatte, a paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland who wasn’t
involved in the project, tells CNN’s Hafsa Khalil the find is “ gobsmacking — a dinosaur ribcage
sticking out of somebody’s garden… [It goes to show] you can potentially find them anywhere
there is rock of the right age and right type for preserving Jurassic-aged bones, whether it’s in
the badlands or someone’s backyard.”
(Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/portuguese-man-accidentally-finds-82-foot-longdinosaur-in-his-backyard-180980672/ – text specially adapted for this test).
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READ TEXT III AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
TEXT III
Original: Maciços rochosos constituídos por arenitos eólicos muitas vezes são considerados depósitos homogêneos com relação às suas propriedades hidráulicas em função das suas características texturais.
Source: https://www.abge.org.br/https://arquivos.infra-questoes.grancursosonline.com.br/arquivos/ARTIGO%201%20-%20RevistaABGE-14- 2_Ok.pdf
Virtual Translator: Rock masses made up of aeolian sandstones are often considered homogeneous deposits in relation to its hydraulic properties depending on its textural characteristics.
By opting for “made up of”, the translator has introduced a phrasal verb that is more
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READ TEXT III AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
TEXT III
Original: Maciços rochosos constituídos por arenitos eólicos muitas vezes são considerados depósitos homogêneos com relação às suas propriedades hidráulicas em função das suas características texturais.
Source: https://www.abge.org.br/https://arquivos.infra-questoes.grancursosonline.com.br/arquivos/ARTIGO%201%20-%20RevistaABGE-14- 2_Ok.pdf
Virtual Translator: Rock masses made up of aeolian sandstones are often considered homogeneous deposits in relation to its hydraulic properties depending on its textural characteristics.
In Text III, instead of “depending on”, the translator should have chosen
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READ TEXT III AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
TEXT III
Original: Maciços rochosos constituídos por arenitos eólicos muitas vezes são considerados depósitos homogêneos com relação às suas propriedades hidráulicas em função das suas características texturais.
Source: https://www.abge.org.br/https://arquivos.infra-questoes.grancursosonline.com.br/arquivos/ARTIGO%201%20-%20RevistaABGE-14- 2_Ok.pdf
Virtual Translator: Rock masses made up of aeolian sandstones are often considered homogeneous deposits in relation to its hydraulic properties depending on its textural characteristics.
One of the problems with the translation provided by the virtual translator is
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TEXT II
“Trench-parallel mid-ocean ridge subduction driven by alongstrike transmission of slab pull”
Source: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/issue/52/12
The most adequate translation of “driven” is
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TEXT II
“Trench-parallel mid-ocean ridge subduction driven by alongstrike transmission of slab pull”
Source: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/issue/52/12
In this title, the noun phrase “slab pull” refers to
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TEXT I
Products and dynamics of lava-snow explosions: The 16 March 2017 explosion at Mount Etna, Italy
Abstract
Volcanic hazards associated with lava flows advancing on snow cover are often underrated, although sudden explosions related to different processes of lava-snow/ice contact can occur rapidly and are only preceded by small, easily underrated precursors. On 16 March 2017, during a mildly effusive and explosive eruption at Mount Etna, Italy, a slowly advancing lava lobe interacted with the snow cover to produce a sudden, brief sequence of explosions. White vapor, brown ash, and coarse material were suddenly ejected, and the products struck a group of people, injuring some of them. The proximal deposit formed a continuous mantle of ash, lapilli, and decimeter-sized bombs, while the ballistic material travelled up to 200 m from the lava edge. The deposit was estimated to have a mass of 7.1 ± 0.8 × 104 kg, which corresponds to a volume of 32.0 ± 3.6 m3 of lava being removed by the explosion. Data related to the texture and morphology of the ejected clasts were used to constrain a model of lava-snow interaction. The results suggest that the mechanism causing the explosions was the progressive build-up of pressure due to vapor accumulation under the lava flow, while no evidence was found for the occurrence of fuel-coolant interaction processes. Although these low-intensity explosions are not particularly frequent, the data set collected provides, for the first time, quantitative information about the processes involved and the associated hazard and suggests that mitigation measures should be established to prevent potentially dramatic accidents at worldwide volcanoes frequented by tourists and with fairly easy access, such as Etna.
Source: GSA Bulletin (2024) 136 (5-6): 2325–2342. Available at
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/136/5-6/2325/628546/Products-and-dynamics-of-lava-snow-explosions-The
When the fragment “were suddenly ejected” is translated into “foram ejetados de forma muito súbita”, the strategy used was
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TEXT I
Products and dynamics of lava-snow explosions: The 16 March 2017 explosion at Mount Etna, Italy
Abstract
Volcanic hazards associated with lava flows advancing on snow cover are often underrated, although sudden explosions related to different processes of lava-snow/ice contact can occur rapidly and are only preceded by small, easily underrated precursors. On 16 March 2017, during a mildly effusive and explosive eruption at Mount Etna, Italy, a slowly advancing lava lobe interacted with the snow cover to produce a sudden, brief sequence of explosions. White vapor, brown ash, and coarse material were suddenly ejected, and the products struck a group of people, injuring some of them. The proximal deposit formed a continuous mantle of ash, lapilli, and decimeter-sized bombs, while the ballistic material travelled up to 200 m from the lava edge. The deposit was estimated to have a mass of 7.1 ± 0.8 × 104 kg, which corresponds to a volume of 32.0 ± 3.6 m3 of lava being removed by the explosion. Data related to the texture and morphology of the ejected clasts were used to constrain a model of lava-snow interaction. The results suggest that the mechanism causing the explosions was the progressive build-up of pressure due to vapor accumulation under the lava flow, while no evidence was found for the occurrence of fuel-coolant interaction processes. Although these low-intensity explosions are not particularly frequent, the data set collected provides, for the first time, quantitative information about the processes involved and the associated hazard and suggests that mitigation measures should be established to prevent potentially dramatic accidents at worldwide volcanoes frequented by tourists and with fairly easy access, such as Etna.
Source: GSA Bulletin (2024) 136 (5-6): 2325–2342. Available at
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/136/5-6/2325/628546/Products-and-dynamics-of-lava-snow-explosions-The
In the fragment “a mildly effusive and explosive eruption”, the adverb is comparable in meaning to
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READ TEXT I AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
TEXT I
Products and dynamics of lava-snow explosions: The 16 March 2017 explosion at Mount Etna, Italy
Abstract
Volcanic hazards associated with lava flows advancing on snow cover are often underrated, although sudden explosions related to different processes of lava-snow/ice contact can occur rapidly and are only preceded by small, easily underrated precursors. On 16 March 2017, during a mildly effusive and explosive eruption at Mount Etna, Italy, a slowly advancing lava lobe interacted with the snow cover to produce a sudden, brief sequence of explosions. White vapor, brown ash, and coarse material were suddenly ejected, and the products struck a group of people, injuring some of them. The proximal deposit formed a continuous mantle of ash, lapilli, and decimeter-sized bombs, while the ballistic material travelled up to 200 m from the lava edge. The deposit was estimated to have a mass of 7.1 ± 0.8 × 104 kg, which corresponds to a volume of 32.0 ± 3.6 m3 of lava being removed by the explosion. Data related to the texture and morphology of the ejected clasts were used to constrain a model of lava-snow interaction. The results suggest that the mechanism causing the explosions was the progressive build-up of pressure due to vapor accumulation under the lava flow, while no evidence was found for the occurrence of fuel-coolant interaction processes. Although these low-intensity explosions are not particularly frequent, the data set collected provides, for the first time, quantitative information about the processes involved and the associated hazard and suggests that mitigation measures should be established to prevent potentially dramatic accidents at worldwide volcanoes frequented by tourists and with fairly easy access, such as Etna.
Source: GSA Bulletin (2024) 136 (5-6): 2325–2342. Available at
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/136/5-6/2325/628546/Products-and-dynamics-of-lava-snow-explosions-The
Based on Text I, mark the statements below as TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).
I) The eruption resulted in no casualties.
II) Fragments were launched high above the edge of the lava.
III) Fuel and coolant interaction caused the explosion at Mount Etna.
The statements are, respectively
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Jadarite, described as ‘Earth's kryptonite twin,’ has potential to replace fossil fuels
A plain-white mineral found in western Serbia has a name straight out of the comics and a chemical profile that battery makers crave. Called jadarite, also known as sodium-lithium- boron silicate hydroxide, was first pulled from drill cores in 2004 and officially recognized as a new mineral two years later.
Geologists soon noticed that the formula on the sample label matched the faux “kryptonite” shown in a 2006 Superman film, minus the fluorine and the green glow. That pop-culture twist helped the discovery grab headlines, yet the real excitement lies in what the mineral could do for electric vehicles and renewable power storage.
Jadarite occurs as dull, chalky nodules tucked inside fine-grained shale in the Jadar Valley. The host rocks formed in an ancient lake basin rich in volcanic ash, allowing lithium and boron to build up in the pore waters until the mineral crystallized. Those conditions have been found only in Serbia so far, making the deposit both unique and strategically valuable.
Michael Page, a process chemist at Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), points out that the valley “is considered one of the largest lithium deposits in the world, making it a potential game-changer for the global green energy transition.” […]
Serbian communities are not unanimous in welcoming the mine. Environmental groups warn that alkali-rich tailings could leak into the Jadar River and harm local agriculture. Independent studies have found elevated boron and lithium downstream of exploratory boreholes, fueling weekly protests in Belgrade.
Supporters counter that rigorous water-management plans and sealed tailings cells can limit impacts, and that the economic gains, including thousands of skilled jobs, are hard to ignore. European automakers also see the project as a chance to shorten supply chains now dominated by South American brines and Chinese refiners.
Whether or not the Jadar project reaches full production, the mineral has already altered the critical-minerals map. Its existence proves that lithium can concentrate outside traditional pegmatites and brines, broadening the hunt to basins once dismissed as uneconomic clay.
Researchers are now experimenting with synthetic pathways, seeding gels of silica, borate, and lithium under lake-like conditions to see if jadarite can be grown on demand. Success could pave the way for engineered deposits that bypass mining altogether. For now, though, nature’s one known batch in western Serbia remains the focus of intense scientific, industrial, and public scrutiny.
Adapted from https://www.earth.com/news/jadarite-described-as-earthskryptonite-twin-has-potential-to-replace-fossil-fuels/
Based on the last paragraph, analyse the assertions below:
I. Scientific experimentation might do away with the need for mining.
II. Currently, interest in jadarite deposits seems to be waning.
III. It is highly unlikely that the deposits found in Serbia will reshape the future of energy.
Choose the correct answer.
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