In the 1980s, plant genetic resources were considered under international law to be a common heritage of mankind, and were therefore classified as goods that cannot be owned. However, this status was strongly rejected by many emerging countries because it gave pharmaceutical and seed companies (mostly from rich countries) free access to their genetic resources without being required in any way to redistribute a share of their profits.

These countries scored a victory with the signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 and the TRIPS agreement in 1995. Genetic resources now come under the control of sovereign countries, and some property rights can be recognized to the indigenous communities on the resources that they have been conserving from generation to generation. States are now required to organize these “collective intellectual property rights” in such a way that any local resource conserved in this manner will generate dividends for these populations when used by multinational firms.

The now well-known concept of Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) emerged in the second half of the 1990s. Their aim was to organize a biological diversity marketplace capable of enhancing the value of the genetic resources of countries of the South, which cannot refuse access to these resources. In addition, these countries can now claim a share of the profits that may result from their use.

In short, the change in the status of genetic resources from common heritage of mankind to a good that can be owned under national sovereignty took place in the early 1990s at the request of countries of the South and to their benefit, and the ABS mechanism is a fine example of intellectual property rights set up in the interest of the people of these countries.

In a general sense, this analysis is fairly accurate and could constitute an argument to be used against those who are of the opinion that the spread of intellectual property rights is an obstacle to the development of the South. However, the issue today is whether the South gained anything by playing this card. In answering this question, it is important to more clearly emphasize the deep connection—often overlooked—between the conservation of genetic resources and their practical use.

Internet:<https://shs.cairn.info/journal> (adapted).

Many different factors affect the time it takes. These include your child’s age, first language, their reason for BLANK I English and their teachers. You can help your child learn quickly by BLANK II them lots of opportunities to use English. It helps to have real reasons for BLANK III a language, rather than just BLANK IV grammar.

Yes. At early ages, girls tend to develop language more quickly. Remember that it’s OK for children to develop at different speeds. It will be more similar by secondary school age. However, by this stage children might think that languages are ‘more of a girl thing’. Attitudes to learning can have a big impact on educational success so it’s important to find ways to encourage your child and help them enjoy their learning.

Yes, there are differences.

Primary school children are learning their first and second languages at the same time. It’s really important to support both languages. Children with a strong foundation in their first language will find it easier to learn a second language. Encourage your child to play, sing and read in both their first and second languages. Remember to plan separate times to focus on each language. If you say something in English and then in another language, your child will automatically listen for their stronger language and ‘tune out’ the other language.

Teenagers are interested in exploring their personalities and identities. This creates lots of opportunities to use popular culture, films, TV, music and video games. Teenagers also enjoy challenging authority, which provides opportunities for debates and discussion.

Multilingual children learn at a young age that they can express their ideas in more than one way. This helps their thought process and makes them better, more flexible, learners. Research has found that children who speak more than one language do better in school, and have better memories and problem-solving skills.

Watch your child playing. What do they enjoy doing? Puzzles and problem-solving? Physical play and sports? Word games? Writing stories? Creative play? Try doing these types of activities in English and make a note of what your child responds to best. Alternatively, ask your child to create in English their own one-week ‘dream timetable of activities’. Let them choose how to present it. For example, they could act it out, prepare a written fact file, make a video, draw pictures, go on a treasure hunt or make a scrap book.

Source: https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english/parents-and-children/how-to-support-your-child/howchildren-learn-languages/. Accessed on 01/22/25

Many different factors affect the time it takes. These include your child’s age, first language, their reason for BLANK I English and their teachers. You can help your child learn quickly by BLANK II them lots of opportunities to use English. It helps to have real reasons for BLANK III a language, rather than just BLANK IV grammar.

Yes. At early ages, girls tend to develop language more quickly. Remember that it’s OK for children to develop at different speeds. It will be more similar by secondary school age. However, by this stage children might think that languages are ‘more of a girl thing’. Attitudes to learning can have a big impact on educational success so it’s important to find ways to encourage your child and help them enjoy their learning.

Yes, there are differences.

Primary school children are learning their first and second languages at the same time. It’s really important to support both languages. Children with a strong foundation in their first language will find it easier to learn a second language. Encourage your child to play, sing and read in both their first and second languages. Remember to plan separate times to focus on each language. If you say something in English and then in another language, your child will automatically listen for their stronger language and ‘tune out’ the other language.

Teenagers are interested in exploring their personalities and identities. This creates lots of opportunities to use popular culture, films, TV, music and video games. Teenagers also enjoy challenging authority, which provides opportunities for debates and discussion.

Multilingual children learn at a young age that they can express their ideas in more than one way. This helps their thought process and makes them better, more flexible, learners. Research has found that children who speak more than one language do better in school, and have better memories and problem-solving skills.

Watch your child playing. What do they enjoy doing? Puzzles and problem-solving? Physical play and sports? Word games? Writing stories? Creative play? Try doing these types of activities in English and make a note of what your child responds to best. Alternatively, ask your child to create in English their own one-week ‘dream timetable of activities’. Let them choose how to present it. For example, they could act it out, prepare a written fact file, make a video, draw pictures, go on a treasure hunt or make a scrap book.

Source: https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english/parents-and-children/how-to-support-your-child/howchildren-learn-languages/. Accessed on 01/22/25