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June 16, 2009
China Orders Patches to Planned Web Filter
By EDWARD WONG
BEIJING − A designer of censorship software that the Chinese government requires to be preinstalled on computers sold in China has been ordered to fix potential security breaches in the software, the newspaper China Daily reported Monday. The report was an indication that the government still supports use of the software __[CONNECTOR]__ heated debate over it.
The software, called Green Dam-Youth Escort, has come under attack by many computer users in China for both political and technical reasons.
Critics say that although the Chinese government insists that the software will be used only to block access to pornography Web sites, the software’s actual use will be to block any site with content deemed politically objectionable, like the Tibet issue or the 1989 Tiananmen killings.
The government says all computers sold in China must have the software installed by July 1.
Early reports had indicated that the government might simply require Green Dam to be included on a CD packaged with new computers, so users would have the option to install it. But it became apparent last week that the government was insisting that all computer makers preinstall the software by July 1. Foreign computer makers learned of the directive just three weeks ago and have been asking the Chinese government to reconsider the rules.
Some computer experts who have studied the software said last week that it was so flawed that it could allow hackers to monitor a user’s Internet activity, steal personal data or plant viruses. One expert, J. Alex Halderman, a computer science professor at the University of Michigan, has posted on the Internet a report on Green Dam’s vulnerabilities.
Rather than agreeing to scrap the software altogether, the Chinese government has responded to the technical criticisms by ordering that the potential security breaches be eliminated.
Mr. Halderman said in an interview last week that it had only taken a few hours for him and his students to infiltrate a computer loaded with Green Dam and force it to crash. A skilled hacker could take over the computer to mine personal data or hitch it to other infected machines in a malevolent network known as a botnet, he added.
(Adapted from The New York Times, June 16, 2009)
The correct [CONNECTOR] to fill the blank is
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Rogue programs try their best to register at Web sites and then wreak havoc, but a clever puzzle often bars them from entry: a set of distorted, squiggly letters and numbers that people can decipher and type correctly for admission, but that machines still can’t.
To stay one jump ahead of fraudsters and their automated programs, researchers are devising more versions of the puzzles, called captchas, to help sites block abuse that includes spam e-mail, illegal postings and skewed online voting.
Researchers at Google are testing a new captcha that requires people to turn upright randomly rotated images, like that of a parrot perched temporarily upside-down on a leafy branch. The task is a breeze for people though hard for machines.
The new puzzles could be built around a site’s theme - for instance, cartoons at a Disney site, or objects for sale at eBay, said Rich Gossweiler, a senior research scientist at Google who led the team that developed the system. It can be put in place rapidly, he said, and has an almost limitless supply of images. “Our technique expands the vocabulary of captchas” beyond obfuscated characters, he said.
The program rejects images like those for human faces that computers have already learned to recognize, he said.
Luis von Ahn, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and a pioneer in captcha development, has created a free system, called reCaptcha, now used by about 120,000 sites including Ticketmaster, Craigslist, Facebook, Twitter and The New York Times.
The system has an unusual twist that provides an added benefit to projects that are digitizing books and papers in archives: the source of the wiggly images that people must decipher is not random. The images are drawn from books and other media that are being digitized in mass projects, but that machines haven’t been able to read because, for instance, the page is wrinkled.
Automatic character recognition lets people who are having the work scanned know which words it cannot read. These are the words that recaptcha farms out and, once they are interpreted, returns to the original document. In this way, word by word, most of the mystery words are deciphered, in this case by humans. “We are digitizing about 25 million words per day by having people type in captchas,” Dr. von Ahn said.
(Adapted from The New York Times, May 24, 2009)
In the text, added benefit refers to
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Rogue programs try their best to register at Web sites and then wreak havoc, but a clever puzzle often bars them from entry: a set of distorted, squiggly letters and numbers that people can decipher and type correctly for admission, but that machines still can’t.
To stay one jump ahead of fraudsters and their automated programs, researchers are devising more versions of the puzzles, called captchas, to help sites block abuse that includes spam e-mail, illegal postings and skewed online voting.
Researchers at Google are testing a new captcha that requires people to turn upright randomly rotated images, like that of a parrot perched temporarily upside-down on a leafy branch. The task is a breeze for people though hard for machines.
The new puzzles could be built around a site’s theme - for instance, cartoons at a Disney site, or objects for sale at eBay, said Rich Gossweiler, a senior research scientist at Google who led the team that developed the system. It can be put in place rapidly, he said, and has an almost limitless supply of images. “Our technique expands the vocabulary of captchas” beyond obfuscated characters, he said.
The program rejects images like those for human faces that computers have already learned to recognize, he said.
Luis von Ahn, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and a pioneer in captcha development, has created a free system, called reCaptcha, now used by about 120,000 sites including Ticketmaster, Craigslist, Facebook, Twitter and The New York Times.
The system has an unusual twist that provides an added benefit to projects that are digitizing books and papers in archives: the source of the wiggly images that people must decipher is not random. The images are drawn from books and other media that are being digitized in mass projects, but that machines haven’t been able to read because, for instance, the page is wrinkled.
Automatic character recognition lets people who are having the work scanned know which words it cannot read. These are the words that recaptcha farms out and, once they are interpreted, returns to the original document. In this way, word by word, most of the mystery words are deciphered, in this case by humans. “We are digitizing about 25 million words per day by having people type in captchas,” Dr. von Ahn said.
(Adapted from The New York Times, May 24, 2009)
Adequate images for captchas are
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Rogue programs try their best to register at Web sites and then wreak havoc, but a clever puzzle often bars them from entry: a set of distorted, squiggly letters and numbers that people can decipher and type correctly for admission, but that machines still can’t.
To stay one jump ahead of fraudsters and their automated programs, researchers are devising more versions of the puzzles, called captchas, to help sites block abuse that includes spam e-mail, illegal postings and skewed online voting.
Researchers at Google are testing a new captcha that requires people to turn upright randomly rotated images, like that of a parrot perched temporarily upside-down on a leafy branch. The task is a breeze for people though hard for machines.
The new puzzles could be built around a site’s theme - for instance, cartoons at a Disney site, or objects for sale at eBay, said Rich Gossweiler, a senior research scientist at Google who led the team that developed the system. It can be put in place rapidly, he said, and has an almost limitless supply of images. “Our technique expands the vocabulary of captchas” beyond obfuscated characters, he said.
The program rejects images like those for human faces that computers have already learned to recognize, he said.
Luis von Ahn, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and a pioneer in captcha development, has created a free system, called reCaptcha, now used by about 120,000 sites including Ticketmaster, Craigslist, Facebook, Twitter and The New York Times.
The system has an unusual twist that provides an added benefit to projects that are digitizing books and papers in archives: the source of the wiggly images that people must decipher is not random. The images are drawn from books and other media that are being digitized in mass projects, but that machines haven’t been able to read because, for instance, the page is wrinkled.
Automatic character recognition lets people who are having the work scanned know which words it cannot read. These are the words that recaptcha farms out and, once they are interpreted, returns to the original document. In this way, word by word, most of the mystery words are deciphered, in this case by humans. “We are digitizing about 25 million words per day by having people type in captchas,” Dr. von Ahn said.
(Adapted from The New York Times, May 24, 2009)
An adequate title for the above text is
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Rogue programs try their best to register at Web sites and then wreak havoc, but a clever puzzle often bars them from entry: a set of distorted, squiggly letters and numbers that people can decipher and type correctly for admission, but that machines still can’t.
To stay one jump ahead of fraudsters and their automated programs, researchers are devising more versions of the puzzles, called captchas, to help sites block abuse that includes spam e-mail, illegal postings and skewed online voting.
Researchers at Google are testing a new captcha that requires people to turn upright randomly rotated images, like that of a parrot perched temporarily upside-down on a leafy branch. The task is a breeze for people though hard for machines.
The new puzzles could be built around a site’s theme - for instance, cartoons at a Disney site, or objects for sale at eBay, said Rich Gossweiler, a senior research scientist at Google who led the team that developed the system. It can be put in place rapidly, he said, and has an almost limitless supply of images. “Our technique expands the vocabulary of captchas” beyond obfuscated characters, he said.
The program rejects images like those for human faces that computers have already learned to recognize, he said.
Luis von Ahn, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and a pioneer in captcha development, has created a free system, called reCaptcha, now used by about 120,000 sites including Ticketmaster, Craigslist, Facebook, Twitter and The New York Times.
The system has an unusual twist that provides an added benefit to projects that are digitizing books and papers in archives: the source of the wiggly images that people must decipher is not random. The images are drawn from books and other media that are being digitized in mass projects, but that machines haven’t been able to read because, for instance, the page is wrinkled.
Automatic character recognition lets people who are having the work scanned know which words it cannot read. These are the words that recaptcha farms out and, once they are interpreted, returns to the original document. In this way, word by word, most of the mystery words are deciphered, in this case by humans. “We are digitizing about 25 million words per day by having people type in captchas,” Dr. von Ahn said.
(Adapted from The New York Times, May 24, 2009)
In the text, obfuscated characters refers to
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Rogue programs try their best to register at Web sites and then wreak havoc, but a clever puzzle often bars them from entry: a set of distorted, squiggly letters and numbers that people can decipher and type correctly for admission, but that machines still can’t.
To stay one jump ahead of fraudsters and their automated programs, researchers are devising more versions of the puzzles, called captchas, to help sites block abuse that includes spam e-mail, illegal postings and skewed online voting.
Researchers at Google are testing a new captcha that requires people to turn upright randomly rotated images, like that of a parrot perched temporarily upside-down on a leafy branch. The task is a breeze for people [CONNECTOR] hard for machines.
The new puzzles could be built around a site’s theme - for instance, cartoons at a Disney site, or objects for sale at eBay, said Rich Gossweiler, a senior research scientist at Google who led the team that developed the system. It can be put in place rapidly, he said, and has an almost limitless supply of images. “Our technique expands the vocabulary of captchas” beyond obfuscated characters, he said.
The program rejects images like those for human faces that computers have already learned to recognize, he said.
Luis von Ahn, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and a pioneer in captcha development, has created a free system, called reCaptcha, now used by about 120,000 sites including Ticketmaster, Craigslist, Facebook, Twitter and The New York Times.
The system has an unusual twist that provides an added benefit to projects that are digitizing books and papers in archives: the source of the wiggly images that people must decipher is not random. The images are drawn from books and other media that are being digitized in mass projects, but that machines haven’t been able to read because, for instance, the page is wrinkled.
Automatic character recognition lets people who are having the work scanned know which words it cannot read. These are the words that recaptcha farms out and, once they are interpreted, returns to the original document. In this way, word by word, most of the mystery words are deciphered, in this case by humans. “We are digitizing about 25 million words per day by having people type in captchas,” Dr. von Ahn said.
(Adapted from The New York Times, May 24, 2009)
The correct [CONNNECTOR] to fill the blank is
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A constituição de provisão para crédito de liquidação duvidosa faz com que as contas a receber sejam avaliadas de acordo com o critério do
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O governo brasileiro está certo ao eleger a manutenção do emprego como prioridade, mas isso não bastará para preservar o novo padrão de vida alcançado por milhões de famílias, se os chamados fundamentos da economia forem comprometidos. A redução da pobreza no Brasil, desde a última década, resultou não só do retorno ao crescimento econômico, mas também do controle da inflação e do fortalecimento das políticas sociais. A lembrança destes fatos é particularmente importante neste momento, quando a crise global ameaça lançar milhões de pessoas na miséria, em todo o mundo, e as metas de redução da pobreza − as chamadas Metas do Desenvolvimento do Milênio − parecem tornar-se mais distantes.
Com uma indústria importante e diversificada e uma agropecuária eficiente e competitiva, o Brasil tem condições excepcionalmente favoráveis para enfrentar a crise originada nos mercados financeiros do mundo rico. Mas uma parcela considerável de sua população ainda vive em condições precárias e alguns milhões de famílias só recentemente ingressaram no mercado de consumo. Os efeitos sociais mais graves da crise devem ser menos sentidos no Brasil do que em outros países em desenvolvimento, mas nem por isso as autoridades nacionais devem desconsiderar o cenário social descrito no Relatório de Acompanhamento Global preparado pelo Banco Mundial.
Segundo esse relatório, o número de pessoas em extrema pobreza aumentará em 2009 devido à crise global. A retração econômica nos países em desenvolvimento deverá jogar na extrema pobreza 55 milhões de pessoas, na melhor hipótese, ou 90 milhões, na menos favorável, segundo o Banco Mundial. Os países de renda baixa serão afetados, de acordo com o relatório, por uma combinação de desastres: redução dos volumes e dos preços de exportação, do dinheiro enviado pelos migrantes, do turismo, do investimento estrangeiro e, talvez, da ajuda oficial. Muitas famílias em países pobres ou em desenvolvimento dependem da ajuda de parentes no exterior. Com o desemprego no mundo rico, essa fonte secou.
As maiores vítimas da crise global pouco sabem de economia e finanças e simplesmente batalham para manter suas famílias e conquistar melhores condições de vida. Nos países de renda média como o Brasil, isso pode corresponder a uma geladeira, um televisor, um aparelho de som − comprados a crédito − e, mais importante, mais educação para os filhos.
(O Estado de S. Paulo, Notas e Informações, A3, 26 de abril de 2009, com adaptações)
O desenvolvimento do texto se faz
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Verdes, bonitas e de aparência inofensiva, as plantas também podem ser ecologicamente incorretas – as chamadas "invasoras", por exemplo, representam a segunda maior causa de destruição da biodiversidade do planeta, perdendo apenas para o desmatamento. Só para se ter parâmetro de sua agressividade, segundo os especialistas, elas são mais predadoras do que o aquecimento global. Trata-se de espécies exóticas trazidas de outros países que, plantadas em um novo habitat, passam a destruir a flora e a fauna nativas. Livres de "adversários", elas vão se alastrando até virarem praga. Mas quem poderia desconfiar de uma jaqueira, de uma amendoeira ou de um bambuzal? Plantas invasoras como essas estão agora chamando a atenção do governo federal e de secretarias do meio ambiente de todo o país.
Crescem as constatações de que ameaçam a flora causando, juntamente com outros animais, um prejuízo anual superior a R$ 100 milhões. Para atacar o problema, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente está elaborando uma estratégia para combatê-las, que deve ser colocada em prática no próximo ano. Uma lista preliminar já tachou 542 seres vivos de "exóticos e invasores" no Brasil, e cerca de 100 deles são plantas. O Ministério também lançará um livro que reúna dados sobre espécies invasoras marinhas. Depois virão outros volumes, mostrando as vilãs dos rios, do meio terrestre, do sistema de produção agrícola e da saúde humana − isso se dá no momento em que diversos Estados também se ocupam do problema.
Quando se comemorou o Dia da Mata Atlântica (27 de maio), a Secretaria de Estado do Ambiente do Rio recebeu de pesquisadores um rol de 226 espécies invasoras da flora local. "Queremos que sirva como critério para barrar sua entrada e o seu plantio", diz a Superintendente de Biodiversidade da secretaria. Entre as principais ameaças identificadas está a jaqueira – que, ao contrário do que muitos julgam, não é um exemplar original. Trazida da Ásia durante a colonização, foi proliferando aos poucos e hoje ocupa o lugar de espécies nativas nos parques e reservas do Rio, como a floresta da Tijuca.
Segundo especialistas, o homem, desavisado do estrago que pode provocar no ambiente, acaba sendo responsável pela introdução de boa parte das espécies invasoras. Uma forma de disseminação é o uso dessas árvores exóticas no paisagismo urbano – tradição brasileira que começou com a corte portuguesa, foi alterada na década de 1920 por paisagistas como Burle Max (que preferiam as exóticas tropicais), mas que agora começa a ser revista.
(Adaptado de Maíra Magro. Revista Istoé, 24 de junho de 2009, p. 100-101)
Só para se ter parâmetro de sua agressividade, segundo os especialistas, elas são mais predadoras do que o aquecimento global. (1º parágrafo)
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