When it comes to Language Acquisition, Connectionism denies both innate rules and the existence of any innate language-learning module, for L2 input would be of greater importance than it is in processing models based on innate approaches. In Connectionism, input is the source of both the units and the rules of language. An important contribution of Connectionism to Second Language Acquisition studies is usually associated with the premise that adults are not better second language learners when compared to children. That would because, despite having superior skills than children, adults would not be considered as better second language learners. Based on such premise, check the answer whose information contains the adequate explanation for it in accordance with the Connectionist Theory.

Stephen Krashen (1985) is an expert in the field of linguistics, specializing in theories of language acquisition and development. Much of his research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition. In a brief mention of Krashen's widely known and well-accepted theory of second language acquisition, which has had a large impact in all areas of second language research and teaching, it is correct to say that it is made of five hypotheses, which are presented below. Considering all the 5 (five) hypotheses provided by Krashen in his Acquisition Theory, match the second column by using the information provided in the first, then check the correct answer.

( ) This hypothesis reinforces that our ability to produce statements in another language is the result of unconscious knowledge and that conscious knowledge has the function of editing and correcting the output (oral productions).

( ) According to this hypothesis, learners who are poorly motivated, insecure, anxious and with low self-esteem would be prevented from connecting the input with the LAD (Language Acquisition Device).

( ) This hypothesis predicts that there is only one way to acquire the language: understanding messages.

( ) This hypothesis predicts that there are two ways to develop a second language. The first one would be unconscious and the second one would be conscious.

( ) This hypothesis suggests that we acquire the rules of a language regardless of how these rules are taught in the classroom.

“Language is a communicative tool manipulated by speakers within social networks, for communities and societies vary. Thus, language and its functions are changed”. Based on the statement provided, check the answer that better explains the picture below.

(extracted from Horobin, 2016 – How English became English)

“Languages vary” this is a very coherent statement when it comes to the study of language change phenomenon. That being said, check the answer that can be equally considered as coherent, on what matters to the study of such phenomenon.

According to the text, judge the following statement.

Without the impact of low hydropower output, global CO₂ emissions from electricity generation would have decreased in 2023, making the overall rise in energy-related emissions significantly smaller.

According to the text, judge the following statement.

Global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions increased by a smaller percentage in 2023 compared to 2022.

According to the text, judge the following statement.

The text mentions up to five different sources of energy, whether they are renewable or not.

According to the text, judge the following statement.

The words ‘shortfall’ and ‘rise’ (in the 2nd paragraph) and ‘declined’ and ‘dropped’ (in the 3rd paragraph) convey the idea of a decrease or reduction in quantity or level.

Which of the following sentences expresses a past habit?

Analyze the following dialogue:

A: I love going to the movies, but my husband .

B: So you don’t go very often, you?

A: No, we don’t. But we went a few days ago to see Poor Things.

B: So I! It was quite interesting.

Mark the alternative that fills out, correctly and respectively, the gaps in the sentences above.