An adequate and correct translation of the passage “akin in all peoples and at every stage of social evolution” (L.10-11) would be semelhantes em todos os povos e em todas as fases de evolução social.

The use of “runnels” in “the delicate runnels” (R.9) is connotative, for the primary meaning of runnel is a small stream or brook.

In line 6, the verbal form “functions” has as its subject “homo sapiens”.

The choice of language used in the second paragraph indicates the author’s certainty both about the existence of a large quantity of tongues spoken by humans and about the number of such languages.

In the first paragraph the author emphasizes the biological similarities presented by human beings and claims that people are the same but for the different languages they speak.

For the author, the act of translation is connected with philosophical issues which have a straightforward and easy explanation: “men speak different languages” (L.1-2).

In the text, the expression “to put forward” (R.22) can be correctly replaced by define or establish.

If the phrase “grapple with” (L.18-19) were to be replaced by deal with, come to grips with, or tackle, the general idea conveyed in the text would remain the same.

All texts can be analysed from a semiotic perspective.

The relationships between the different signs of a specific language are unique. However, such relationships can be identically reproduced during the translation process depending on the skills of the translator.