Consider the following text to answer the question

I’M A BOSS – PLEASE, BAN ME FROM OUT-OF-HOURS EMAILS AND CALLS, AND SAVE ME FROM MYSELF

One of these was contacting my co-workers out of working hours. I knew there was plenty of research that finds that out-of-work-hours communication is generally bad for employee well-being, and can also be bad for productivity. However, this didn’t stop me. 

Now the law is stepping in, whether weak-willed managers like me like it or not. In 2017, for example, France implemented a law that required larger employers to put in place “mechanisms for regulating the use of digital tools, with a view to ensuring respect for rest periods and leave as well as personal and family life”. The Australian federal government has passed its own “right to disconnect” legislation. This makes it illegal to require employees to respond to communication or join work calls out of reasonable working hours. 

These kinds of laws have received inevitable pushback. Len Shackleton, from the Institute of Economic Affairs thinktank, pointed out that right-to-disconnect rules will remove a degree of flexibility required in fast-changing workplaces. Others have said the legislation does not go far enough. Opeyemi Akanbi, of Toronto Metropolitan University, pointed out that rules are unlikely to be properly implemented by employers, and they do not address underlying problems such as the difficulty of disconnecting in highly f luid forms of knowledge work. 

While both these criticisms may be true, the evidence of the impact of right-to-disconnect laws in Europe seems to be relatively positive. A recent large-scale study found that eight out of 10 workers in companies received work-related communication out of working hours. What’s more surprising is that there did not seem to be any difference for companies that were covered by right-to-disconnect legislation and those not. 

However, the laws did seem to make employees feel more in control of their work. This meant that people in companies covered by right-to-disconnect legislation tended to have higher job satisfaction, report better work-life balance and were less likely to suffer health issues such as headaches, stress and anxiety. However, simply implementing laws is not enough. To make a difference, they need to be accompanied by other measures such as education, effective means to limit out-of-hours communications (such as systems that stop emails being exchanged out of hours) and an appropriate match between workloads and working time. 

Even though right-to-disconnect legislation seems to be good for workers, there is still the question of whether it also might be good for bosses. Although there has not been a systematic study of the question yet, my guess is that the answer would be a qualified yes. First, we know that workers tend to be more productive over a longer period of time when they have better work-life balance and boundaries. Second, recent work by Stanford University’s Robert Sutton and Huggy Rao has found that managers would be much more effective if they were able to reduce the needless clutter, such as empty communication and pointless meetings, that blights their own lives. Clear boundaries might be tough for managers like me to get their heads around. But perhaps a right to disconnect would force us to ensure our contracted work day was spent doing things that really matter. 

ANDRÉ SPICER Adaptado de theguardian.com, 17/02/2024.

Consider the following text to answer the question

I’M A BOSS – PLEASE, BAN ME FROM OUT-OF-HOURS EMAILS AND CALLS, AND SAVE ME FROM MYSELF

One of these was contacting my co-workers out of working hours. I knew there was plenty of research that finds that out-of-work-hours communication is generally bad for employee well-being, and can also be bad for productivity. However, this didn’t stop me. 

Now the law is stepping in, whether weak-willed managers like me like it or not. In 2017, for example, France implemented a law that required larger employers to put in place “mechanisms for regulating the use of digital tools, with a view to ensuring respect for rest periods and leave as well as personal and family life”. The Australian federal government has passed its own “right to disconnect” legislation. This makes it illegal to require employees to respond to communication or join work calls out of reasonable working hours. 

These kinds of laws have received inevitable pushback. Len Shackleton, from the Institute of Economic Affairs thinktank, pointed out that right-to-disconnect rules will remove a degree of flexibility required in fast-changing workplaces. Others have said the legislation does not go far enough. Opeyemi Akanbi, of Toronto Metropolitan University, pointed out that rules are unlikely to be properly implemented by employers, and they do not address underlying problems such as the difficulty of disconnecting in highly f luid forms of knowledge work. 

While both these criticisms may be true, the evidence of the impact of right-to-disconnect laws in Europe seems to be relatively positive. A recent large-scale study found that eight out of 10 workers in companies received work-related communication out of working hours. What’s more surprising is that there did not seem to be any difference for companies that were covered by right-to-disconnect legislation and those not. 

However, the laws did seem to make employees feel more in control of their work. This meant that people in companies covered by right-to-disconnect legislation tended to have higher job satisfaction, report better work-life balance and were less likely to suffer health issues such as headaches, stress and anxiety. However, simply implementing laws is not enough. To make a difference, they need to be accompanied by other measures such as education, effective means to limit out-of-hours communications (such as systems that stop emails being exchanged out of hours) and an appropriate match between workloads and working time. 

Even though right-to-disconnect legislation seems to be good for workers, there is still the question of whether it also might be good for bosses. Although there has not been a systematic study of the question yet, my guess is that the answer would be a qualified yes. First, we know that workers tend to be more productive over a longer period of time when they have better work-life balance and boundaries. Second, recent work by Stanford University’s Robert Sutton and Huggy Rao has found that managers would be much more effective if they were able to reduce the needless clutter, such as empty communication and pointless meetings, that blights their own lives. Clear boundaries might be tough for managers like me to get their heads around. But perhaps a right to disconnect would force us to ensure our contracted work day was spent doing things that really matter. 

ANDRÉ SPICER Adaptado de theguardian.com, 17/02/2024.

Consider the following text to answer the question

I’M A BOSS – PLEASE, BAN ME FROM OUT-OF-HOURS EMAILS AND CALLS, AND SAVE ME FROM MYSELF

I have a secret that I need to own up to: sometimes I’m a bad boss. After spending a couple of decades studying management and leadership, during the last couple of years I have been leading a large business school in London. When I took on the role, I wanted to try to bring an evidence-based approach to my leadership position and, initially, I used the relevant science to guide my actions. Over time, however, I found myself falling into bad habits that I knew were a no-no, according to the research.

One of these was contacting my co-workers out of working hours. I knew there was plenty of research that finds that out-of-work-hours communication is generally bad for employee well-being, and can also be bad for productivity. However, this didn’t stop me.

Now the law is stepping in, whether weak-willed managers like me like it or not. In 2017, for example, France implemented a law that required larger employers to put in place “mechanisms for regulating the use of digital tools, with a view to ensuring respect for rest periods and leave as well as personal and family life”. The Australian federal government has passed its own “right to disconnect” legislation. This makes it illegal to require employees to respond to communication or join work calls out of reasonable working hours.

These kinds of laws have received inevitable pushback. Len Shackleton, from the Institute of Economic Affairs thinktank, pointed out that right-to-disconnect rules will remove a degree of flexibility required in fast-changing workplaces. Others have said the legislation does not go far enough. Opeyemi Akanbi, of Toronto Metropolitan University, pointed out that rules are unlikely to be properly implemented by employers, and they do not address underlying problems such as the difficulty of disconnecting in highly f luid forms of knowledge work.

While both these criticisms may be true, the evidence of the impact of right-to-disconnect laws in Europe seems to be relatively positive. A recent large-scale study found that eight out of 10 workers in companies received work-related communication out of working hours. What’s more surprising is that there did not seem to be any difference for companies that were covered by right-to-disconnect legislation and those not.

However, the laws did seem to make employees feel more in control of their work. This meant that people in companies covered by right-to-disconnect legislation tended to have higher job satisfaction, report better work-life balance and were less likely to suffer health issues such as headaches, stress and anxiety. However, simply implementing laws is not enough. To make a difference, they need to be accompanied by other measures such as education, effective means to limit out-of-hours communications (such as systems that stop emails being exchanged out of hours) and an appropriate match between workloads and working time.

Even though right-to-disconnect legislation seems to be good for workers, there is still the question of whether it also might be good for bosses. Although there has not been a systematic study of the question yet, my guess is that the answer would be a qualified yes. First, we know that workers tend to be more productive over a longer period of time when they have better work-life balance and boundaries. Second, recent work by Stanford University’s Robert Sutton and Huggy Rao has found that managers would be much more effective if they were able to reduce the needless clutter, such as empty communication and pointless meetings, that blights their own lives. Clear boundaries might be tough for managers like me to get their heads around. But perhaps a right to disconnect would force us to ensure our contracted work day was spent doing things that really matter.

ANDRÉ SPICER Adaptado de theguardian.com, 17/02/2024.

Consider the following text to answer the question.

Global temperatures in 2025 were slightly lower than in 2024 because of La Niña, a natural weather pattern that cools the Pacific Ocean.

Even so, 2025 became the third warmest year ever recorded. The last three years were the hottest in history, which shows a clear long-term warming trend. Scientists say today’s temperatures stay far above levels from before the heavy use of fossil fuels.

Experts explain that this warming happens mainly because people continue to release carbon emissions. Although some cooling came from natural causes, it didn’t stop the overall rise. Scientists warn that more heat records and stronger weather events will follow if emissions don’t fall quickly. Fires, floods, and heat waves have already affected many parts of the world.

Researchers say the science is very clear and not uncertain. Governments, companies, and individuals all play a role. People can vote, spend money carefully, and support cleaner energy. Reducing emissions soon can help slow warming and protect the planet.

Source: https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/2025-is-the-third-hottest-year-level-3/.

Consider the following text to answer the question.

Global temperatures in 2025 were slightly lower than in 2024 because of La Niña, a natural weather pattern that cools the Pacific Ocean.

Even so, 2025 became the third warmest year ever recorded. The last three years were the hottest in history, which shows a clear long-term warming trend. Scientists say today’s temperatures stay far above levels from before the heavy use of fossil fuels.

Experts explain that this warming happens mainly because people continue to release carbon emissions. Although some cooling came from natural causes, it didn’t stop the overall rise. Scientists warn that more heat records and stronger weather events will follow if emissions don’t fall quickly. Fires, floods, and heat waves have already affected many parts of the world.

Researchers say the science is very clear and not uncertain. Governments, companies, and individuals all play a role. People can vote, spend money carefully, and support cleaner energy. Reducing emissions soon can help slow warming and protect the planet.

Source: https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/2025-is-the-third-hottest-year-level-3/.

Consider the following text to answer the question.

Ivory Coast plans to buy the entire volume of cocoa that farmer groups cannot sell. The government wants to make sure farmers still receive money even though cocoa prices fall to the lowest level in two years.

Cocoa plays a very important role in the country because it makes up a large part of the economy and supports many families.

Exports slow down after chocolate makers use less cocoa when prices rise before. This situation causes large cocoa stocks to build up. The government now steps in and works with trusted local companies and international buyers to collect and buy the cocoa. Officials say this plan should protect farmers and keep the market stable.

Ivory Coast produces more cocoa than any other country in the world. About one out of five people depends on this work for their income. With prices down by about five dollars per kilo, many farmers face problems. The government hopes this action will support producers and prevent serious economic damage.

Source: https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/farmers-cannot-sell-their-cocoa-level-3/.

Consider the following text to answer the question.

Ivory Coast plans to buy the entire volume of cocoa that farmer groups cannot sell. The government wants to make sure farmers still receive money even though cocoa prices fall to the lowest level in two years.

Cocoa plays a very important role in the country because it makes up a large part of the economy and supports many families.

Exports slow down after chocolate makers use less cocoa when prices rise before. This situation causes large cocoa stocks to build up. The government now steps in and works with trusted local companies and international buyers to collect and buy the cocoa. Officials say this plan should protect farmers and keep the market stable.

Ivory Coast produces more cocoa than any other country in the world. About one out of five people depends on this work for their income. With prices down by about five dollars per kilo, many farmers face problems. The government hopes this action will support producers and prevent serious economic damage.

Source: https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/farmers-cannot-sell-their-cocoa-level-3/.