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Read this excerpt from the introduction of a book dealing with communicative approach and communicative language teaching. With the exception of the first and the last sentence of the paragraph, the others have been scrambled. Choose the option that best reorganizes the whole paragraph in a logical way.
1. One reason for this divide is that while the communicative approach drew its initial inspiration from linguistics, it now looks increasingly related to educational theory, psychology and ethnography.
2. In other words, nowadays, although linguistics is still necessary as it has a part to play in communicative language approach, for many practitioners it has only a supporting role.
3. About fifteen or twenty years ago applied linguists and language teaching specialists thought they had found the great overarching principle that would guide the development of the subject into the twenty-first century: the communicative approach.
4. We do not agree with this present status of linguistics, so we aim in this book to show that linguistics does indeed have the potential to be a star, to match the performance of those players at present strutting the stage.
5. Yet today it seems that there is a deep and uncomfortable divide in the field of communicative approach which relates to linguistics.
But first we need to look at the linguistic origins of the communicative approach, then trace its drift away from its parent discipline.
MELROSE, Robin. The Communicative Syllabus. A Systemic-Functional Approach to Language Teaching. London and New York: Printer, 2015, p. 01. (Adapted).
This book is directed at two readerships who, until a few years ago, used to be one (or virtually one): applied linguists and language teaching specialists.
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The World of AI
How libraries are integrating and navigating this powerful technology
A hot topic in many industries, generative artificial intelligence (generative AI) has increasingly occupied our cultural consciousness since the large language model ChatGPT debuted for public use in November 2022. Some libraries are playing a unique role in charting a path through this new technological territory as the boundaries of AI’s uses and impacts continue to shift.
“Librarians are asking if AI will render us obsolete — it won’t,” says Nick Tanzi, library technology consultant, author, and assistant director of South Huntington Public Library in Huntington Station, New York. “We are information professionals, and our information landscape has just grown in complexity.”
AI’s critics have sounded the alarm about the models’ tendency to reinforce and amplify any biases found in the data they are trained on. Others have raised concerns about false information and privacy, as well as plagiarism and copyright, issues of particular concern to academic and school libraries. How can users be sure the output generated by AI tools is legal, ethical, and accurate?
“There’s an old saying: ‘Garbage in, garbage out,’” says Elissa Malespina, teacher-librarian at Union (N.J.) High School, who writes the AI School Librarians Newsletter. “In the world of AI, it’s a matter of ‘data in, data out.’ Make sure you’ve got a clear sense of not just how AI operates but also where it’s drawing its knowledge from. It’s all about being an informed user.”
American Libraries spoke with five technology experts, educators, and librarians who are pioneering the use of generative AI at their institutions. They discuss how it’s being used in libraries, what ethical concerns have emerged, and how librarians can educate their communities on navigating these powerful technologies.
By Emily Udell | March 1, 2024 Fonte: https//americanlibrariesmagazine.org Acessado em: 16/01/2026. Acesso em 16/01/2026.
No texto, a autora Emily Udell estabelece uma relação de comparação entre a inteligência artificial generativa e as bibliotecas. Essa relação está adequadamente representada na sentença:
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The Fine Line Between Freedom and Loneliness
Anand Nataraj April 15, 2023
The question of whether being alone is freedom or loneliness is a complex and highly debated topic. On the one hand, being alone can be seen as a form of freedom, as it allows one to live life on their own terms and pursue their own interests without the constraints of others. On the other hand, being alone can also be seen as loneliness, a state of isolation and disconnection from others that can lead to feelings of sadness and despair. At first glance, it may seem like the two concepts are at odds with each other. After all, freedom implies independence, while loneliness suggests a lack of connection. However, the reality is that the two are often intertwined, and the relationship between them is far more nuanced than it might seem.
On the one hand, the freedom of being alone can be incredibly empowering. When we are free to do what we want, without anyone else’s input or interference, we are able to truly explore our passions and pursue our dreams. We can set our own schedules, make our own decisions, and live our lives in a way that feels most authentic to us. However, this freedom can also be isolating. When we are alone and we don’t have anyone to share our experiences with, we may feel like nobody cares about us or what we’re doing. We may feel like we are missing out on the joys of human connection, and that our lives lack the depth and richness that comes from being part of a community.
Ultimately, whether being alone is freedom or loneliness depends largely on our own perceptions and attitudes. If we approach our alone time with a sense of purpose and self-awareness, viewing it as an opportunity to grow and explore our passions, then it can be a powerful form of freedom. But if we approach it with a sense of isolation and disconnection, seeing it as a punishment or a burden, then it can quickly become a source of loneliness and despair.
In conclusion, the question of whether being alone is freedom or loneliness is a deeply personal one that is largely determined by our perceptions and attitudes. The key to finding true freedom in solitude is to approach it with a sense of purpose and self-awareness, recognizing the value of our own company and the opportunities that come with being able to live life on our terms
Available at: https://anandnataraj.com/2023/04/15/the-fine-line-between-freedom-and-loneliness/. Accessed on: aug. 15th, 2025. (Adapted).
According to the conclusion, the key to finding true freedom in solitude depends on:
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The Fine Line Between Freedom and Loneliness
Anand Nataraj April 15, 2023
The question of whether being alone is freedom or loneliness is a complex and highly debated topic. On the one hand, being alone can be seen as a form of freedom, as it allows one to live life on their own terms and pursue their own interests without the constraints of others. On the other hand, being alone can also be seen as loneliness, a state of isolation and disconnection from others that can lead to feelings of sadness and despair. At first glance, it may seem like the two concepts are at odds with each other. After all, freedom implies independence, while loneliness suggests a lack of connection. However, the reality is that the two are often intertwined, and the relationship between them is far more nuanced than it might seem.
On the one hand, the freedom of being alone can be incredibly empowering. When we are free to do what we want, without anyone else’s input or interference, we are able to truly explore our passions and pursue our dreams. We can set our own schedules, make our own decisions, and live our lives in a way that feels most authentic to us. However, this freedom can also be isolating. When we are alone and we don’t have anyone to share our experiences with, we may feel like nobody cares about us or what we’re doing. We may feel like we are missing out on the joys of human connection, and that our lives lack the depth and richness that comes from being part of a community.
Ultimately, whether being alone is freedom or loneliness depends largely on our own perceptions and attitudes. If we approach our alone time with a sense of purpose and self-awareness, viewing it as an opportunity to grow and explore our passions, then it can be a powerful form of freedom. But if we approach it with a sense of isolation and disconnection, seeing it as a punishment or a burden, then it can quickly become a source of loneliness and despair.
In conclusion, the question of whether being alone is freedom or loneliness is a deeply personal one that is largely determined by our perceptions and attitudes. The key to finding true freedom in solitude is to approach it with a sense of purpose and self-awareness, recognizing the value of our own company and the opportunities that come with being able to live life on our terms
Available at: https://anandnataraj.com/2023/04/15/the-fine-line-between-freedom-and-loneliness/. Accessed on: aug. 15th, 2025. (Adapted).
“Ultimately, whether being alone is freedom or loneliness depends largely on our own perceptions and attitudes.”
The underlined word can be replaced, without significant change in meaning, by the following item:
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The Fine Line Between Freedom and Loneliness
Anand Nataraj April 15, 2023
The question of whether being alone is freedom or loneliness is a complex and highly debated topic. On the one hand, being alone can be seen as a form of freedom, as it allows one to live life on their own terms and pursue their own interests without the constraints of others. On the other hand, being alone can also be seen as loneliness, a state of isolation and disconnection from others that can lead to feelings of sadness and despair. At first glance, it may seem like the two concepts are at odds with each other. After all, freedom implies independence, while loneliness suggests a lack of connection. However, the reality is that the two are often intertwined, and the relationship between them is far more nuanced than it might seem.
On the one hand, the freedom of being alone can be incredibly empowering. When we are free to do what we want, without anyone else’s input or interference, we are able to truly explore our passions and pursue our dreams. We can set our own schedules, make our own decisions, and live our lives in a way that feels most authentic to us. However, this freedom can also be isolating. When we are alone and we don’t have anyone to share our experiences with, we may feel like nobody cares about us or what we’re doing. We may feel like we are missing out on the joys of human connection, and that our lives lack the depth and richness that comes from being part of a community.
Ultimately, whether being alone is freedom or loneliness depends largely on our own perceptions and attitudes. If we approach our alone time with a sense of purpose and self-awareness, viewing it as an opportunity to grow and explore our passions, then it can be a powerful form of freedom. But if we approach it with a sense of isolation and disconnection, seeing it as a punishment or a burden, then it can quickly become a source of loneliness and despair.
In conclusion, the question of whether being alone is freedom or loneliness is a deeply personal one that is largely determined by our perceptions and attitudes. The key to finding true freedom in solitude is to approach it with a sense of purpose and self-awareness, recognizing the value of our own company and the opportunities that come with being able to live life on our terms
Available at: https://anandnataraj.com/2023/04/15/the-fine-line-between-freedom-and-loneliness/. Accessed on: aug. 15th, 2025. (Adapted).
“When we are alone and we don’t have anyone to share our experiences with, we may feel like nobody cares about us or what we’re doing.”
In the statement above, the word “may” conveys the idea of:
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The Fine Line Between Freedom and Loneliness
Anand Nataraj April 15, 2023
The question of whether being alone is freedom or loneliness is a complex and highly debated topic. On the one hand, being alone can be seen as a form of freedom, as it allows one to live life on their own terms and pursue their own interests without the constraints of others. On the other hand, being alone can also be seen as loneliness, a state of isolation and disconnection from others that can lead to feelings of sadness and despair. At first glance, it may seem like the two concepts are at odds with each other. After all, freedom implies independence, while loneliness suggests a lack of connection. However, the reality is that the two are often intertwined, and the relationship between them is far more nuanced than it might seem.
On the one hand, the freedom of being alone can be incredibly empowering. When we are free to do what we want, without anyone else’s input or interference, we are able to truly explore our passions and pursue our dreams. We can set our own schedules, make our own decisions, and live our lives in a way that feels most authentic to us. However, this freedom can also be isolating. When we are alone and we don’t have anyone to share our experiences with, we may feel like nobody cares about us or what we’re doing. We may feel like we are missing out on the joys of human connection, and that our lives lack the depth and richness that comes from being part of a community.
Ultimately, whether being alone is freedom or loneliness depends largely on our own perceptions and attitudes. If we approach our alone time with a sense of purpose and self-awareness, viewing it as an opportunity to grow and explore our passions, then it can be a powerful form of freedom. But if we approach it with a sense of isolation and disconnection, seeing it as a punishment or a burden, then it can quickly become a source of loneliness and despair.
In conclusion, the question of whether being alone is freedom or loneliness is a deeply personal one that is largely determined by our perceptions and attitudes. The key to finding true freedom in solitude is to approach it with a sense of purpose and self-awareness, recognizing the value of our own company and the opportunities that come with being able to live life on our terms
Available at: https://anandnataraj.com/2023/04/15/the-fine-line-between-freedom-and-loneliness/. Accessed on: aug. 15th, 2025. (Adapted).
According to the article, being alone can be good or bad, as it can result in:
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Leia o texto e analise o gráfico para responder à questão abaixo.
Life Expectancy (1900-2023)
People are living longer. In 1900, the average life expectancy of a newborn was 32 years. By 2021 this had more than doubled to 71 years.
The large reduction in child mortality has played an important role in increasing life expectancy. But life expectancy has increased at all ages. Infants, children, adults, and the elderly are all less likely to die than in the past, and death is being delayed. This remarkable shift results from advances in medicine, public health, and living standards. Along with it, many predictions of the “limit” of life expectancy have been broken.
In the excerpt from the second paragraph, “Along with it, many predictions of the ‘limit’ of life expectancy have been broken”, the underlined expression can be replaced, without meaning change, by:
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Leia o texto e analise o gráfico para responder à questão abaixo.
Life Expectancy (1900-2023)
People are living longer. In 1900, the average life expectancy of a newborn was 32 years. By 2021 this had more than doubled to 71 years.
The large reduction in child mortality has played an important role in increasing life expectancy. But life expectancy has increased at all ages. Infants, children, adults, and the elderly are all less likely to die than in the past, and death is being delayed. This remarkable shift results from advances in medicine, public health, and living standards. Along with it, many predictions of the “limit” of life expectancy have been broken.
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Infants, children, adults, and the elderly are all less likely to die than in the past”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a:
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